第一篇: Observations of offshore wind characteristics by Doppler-LiDAR for wind energy applications
第二篇: A survey on consumers empowerment, communication technologies, and renewable generation penetration within Smart Grid
第三篇: Mastering the game of Go with deep neural networks and tree search
短語互譯
第一次
原文翻譯
sensor characteristics
傳感器特性
electrical supply
供電
signal conditioning unit
信號調節單元
accuracy rating
精度等級
溫度計
thermometer
速度計
speedometer
dead-band characteristics
死區特性
static friction
靜摩擦
full operating range of the device
設備的全工作范圍
ambient temperature
環境溫度
aging effect(s)
老化效應
mechanical wear
機械磨損
self-heating
自熱效應
bridge-circuit
電橋電路
the smallest detectable change
最小的可檢測變化
contact friction
接觸摩擦
mechanical strain
機械應變
resistance temperature detector
電阻溫度檢測器
power dissipation
功率損耗
lead impedance
引線阻抗
第二次
原文翻譯
the rated voltage and current
額定電壓和電流
gear drive
齒輪傳動
micro-actuator
微執行器
a binary actuator
二元執行器
stable-state output
穩態輸出
stepper motor
步進電機
small incremental motion
小增量運動
on-off type control action
開關型控制動作
a low energy level command signal
低能級指令信號
actuator load
執行器負載
thousands of horsepower motor
千馬力電機
motor shaft
電機軸
synchronous motor
同步電動機
three-phase induction motor
三相感應電動機
large-horsepower application
大馬力應用
two-phase motor
兩相電動機
solid-state drive
固態硬盤
unipolar stepper motor
單極步進電機
bottom stator pole
定子底極
a permanent magnet with six poles
六極永磁體
counterclockwise direction
逆時針方向
a soft iron core
柔軟的鐵心
directional control valve
方向控制閥
hydraulic or pneumatic actuator
液壓或氣動執行機構
analog to digital converter
模數轉換器
transfer function
傳遞函數
discrete output states
離散輸出狀態
a sample-and-hold circuit
采樣保持電路
high-input impedance
高輸入阻抗
the highest frequency component
最高頻率分量
propagation delay
傳播延遲
least significant bit
最低有效位
第三次
原文翻譯
virtual instrument
虛擬儀器
computational size, cost
計算量，成本
bulk storage
大容量存儲
off-line instrument
離線儀表
data processing
數據處理
custom developed
定制開發
with the advent of microelectronics
隨著微電子技術的出現
realtime application
實時應用
special/general-purpose computer
專用/通用計算機
a considerable breadth of measurement and control
相當廣泛的測量和控制
industrial field
工業領域
high-speed application
高速應用
user-interface operations
用戶界面操作
windows-type software
窗口類型軟件
complex manipulations along with memory, look-up tables, and intelligent displays and controls
復雜的操作以及內存、查找表、智能顯示和控件
large memory capacity
大存儲容量
a conditioning circuit
調節電路
local area network
局域網
remote radio communication protocol
遠程無線電通信協議
interconnection buses
互連總線
application software
應用程序軟件
General-purpose Interface Bus
通用接口總線
Industry Standard Architecture Bus
行業標準架構總線
addressing width of a processor
處理器的尋址寬度
one-byte wide
一字節寬
a full 16-bit data bus
完整的16位數據總線
two-clock-cycle
兩個時鐘周期
direct memory access
直接內存訪問
Plug and play
即插即用
micro-channel architecture
微通道架構
serial communication peripherals
串行通訊外設
novice users
新手用戶
high-speed peer to peer communication
高速對等通信
第四次
原文翻譯
yaw damper system
偏航阻尼系統
autopilot
自動駕駛
trail-and-error
試錯法
dynamic analysis
動態分析
control system design
控制系統設計
classical control theory
經典控制理論
high-speed digital computers
高速數字計算機
state variables
狀態變量
open-loop control systems
開環控制系統
a negative feedback system
負面反饋系統
differential equation
微分方程
difference equation
差分方程
time interval
時間間隔
a sampled-data system
采樣數據系統
nonlinear system
非線性系統
time-invariant system
時不變系統
stationary/nonstationary system
平穩/非平穩系統
time-dependent
時間相關的
lumped parameter system
集總參數系統
distributed parameter system
分布參數系統
ordinary/partial differential equation
常/偏微分方程
deterministic/stochastic system
確定性/隨機系統
multi-variable system
多變量系統
single-input single-output system
單輸入單輸出系統
performance criteria and indices
績效標準和指標
transient response
瞬態響應
steady-state value of the output
輸出的穩態值
nonzero initial conditions
非零初始條件
complex variable in the Laplace domain
Laplace域中的復變量
linearity and superposition theorems
線性和疊加定理
shifting theorem
移位定理
piecewise continuous inputs
分段連續輸入
analytic function
分析函數
homogeneous/particular solution
均勻/特殊溶液
unilateral Fourier integral
單邊傅里葉積分
DC-motor drive
直流電動機驅動
zero internal impedance
零內部阻抗
dc voltage source
直流電壓源
Pulse-Width Modulation
脈沖寬度調制
switch duty ratio
開關占空比
a resistive load
電阻負載
uninterruptible AC power supplies
不間斷交流電源
two-quadrant converter
二象限轉換器
voltage/current source inverters
電壓/電流源逆變器
square-wave inverter
方波逆變器
voltage cancellation
電壓抵消
switch-mode converter
開關模式轉換器
linear vector space
線性向量空間
power transistor
功率晶體管
very large scale integrated circuits
超大規模集成電路
長句翻譯
第一次
第一次
The major reason for the availability of such equipment has been the development of computers and microprocessors which are used as sophisticated, flexible and yet low cost controllers.
這種設備的可用性的主要原因是計算機和微處理器的發展，它們被用作精密、靈活且低成本的控制器。
However, the operation of such systems would be very poor, if possible at all, if the computer’s decision making programs were not being supplied with suitable, up to date, quality information about the state of the external system.
Electrical noise (i.e. unwanted signals) may be generated by variation in contact resistance, by mechanical wear due to contact fiction, and by contact vibration transmitted from the sensing element.
電噪聲（即不需要的信號）可能由接觸電阻的變化、接觸摩擦引起的機械磨損和傳感元件傳輸的接觸振動產生。
When a specification refers to a dead-zone or dead-band, it is referring to the largest change in the quantity to be measured to which the output does not change, or the change of input to which there is no output.
當一個規范是指一個死區或死區時，它指的是待測量中輸出不變的最大變化，或是沒有輸出的輸入變化。
This means that if we take a temperature measurement with the thermometer and find it to be ±20.1°C, then the actual temperature lies somewhere between 15.9°C and 20.3°C.
Actuators are basically the muscle behind a mechatronics system that accepts a control command (mostly in the form of an electrical signal) and produces a change in the physical system by generating force, motion, heat, flow, etc.
The stepper motor is a discrete (incremental) positioning device that moves one step at a time for each pulse command input. Since they accept direct digital commands and produce a mechanical motion, the stepper motors are used widely in industrial control applications.
Normally, due to the spring force, the soft iron core is pushed to the extreme left position; when the solenoid is excited, the soft iron core will move to the right extreme position thus providing the electromagnetic actuation.
A/D conversion is essentially a quantizing process, whereby an analog signal is represented by discrete states.
A / D轉換本質上是量化過程，通過這個過程將模擬信號用離散狀態表示。
An A/D converter requires a certain amount of time, called conversion time, to change an analog signal into the corresponding digital signal. If the analog signal changes during the conversion time, the converter output may be in error. To prevent this, a sample-and-hold circuit is used to sense the analog signal at the start of conversion, and store it on a capacitor during the remaining conversion time.
As a result, rudimental control systems were developed. Relays were attached to the instruments so that processes could respond to parametric changes. Soon, the single relay grew into more than one, allowing for multipoint control. Then, rate detectors were added and finally integrators, creating the PID control system.
It became normal for a measuring instrument to accept a signal; condition the input by linearizing, shaping, band limiting, etc.; and then digitize the result. The digital output was manipulated in a special, onboard processor in order to provide control or analytical decisions.
At the same time, the sphere of measurement and control systems expanded from merely measuring electrical and electronics parameters to encompassing all ancillary technologies including the mechanical, chemical, civil, and medical fields.
The speed and capability of general-purpose computers advanced exponentially. It soon became possible to adapt standard, high-speed computers to the online applications required in real time measurement and control.
With the addition of computers and computational capability, the cost of the instruments increased, How do we improve performance without adding cost?
隨著計算機和計算能力的增加，儀器的成本增加，如何在不增加成本的情況下提高性能？
Consider what a virtual instrument and control system might contain. For a measurement instrument, there must be a sensor. If the parameter being measured is not electrical, this must incorporate a transducer to change the information to an electrical signal.
Control systems designed by humans are used to extend their physical capabilities, to compensate for their physical limitations, to relieve them of routine or tedious tasks, or to save money.
Freed of this routine task, the pilot can perform other tasks, such as navigation and/or communications, thus reducing the number of crew required and consequently the operating cost of the aircraft.
The definition of the transfer function requires the system to be linear and stationary, with continuous variables and with zero initial conditions. The transfer function is most useful when the system is also lumped parameter and when transport lags are absent or neglected.
One of the methods for controlling the output voltage employs switching at a constant frequency (hence, a constant switching time period TS=ton+toff), and adjusting the on-duration of the switch to control the average output voltage.
In transfer function models these equations are transformed and variables are eliminated between them to find the relation between selected input and output variables.
第一篇: Observations of offshore wind characteristics by Doppler-LiDAR for wind energy applications
原文譯文
The interest of investigating offshore wind characteristics is receiving growing attention worldwide, which mainly attempts to boost the development of offshore wind energy and accelerate sustainable development. In particular, the understanding of offshore wind characteristics at the hub heights of wind turbines is of great significance in regard to the assessment of economic feasibility and structural design of wind turbines. Since traditional meteorological masts have limitations in height due to economic and technical considerations, remote sensing techniques have increasingly been employed for offshore wind observations.
This paper presents a comprehensive assessment of offshore wind characteristics on the basis of measurements from a light detection and ranging (LiDAR) system at an offshore site in Hong Kong. The fidelity of the wind LiDAR measurements was firstly examined by comparing with those obtained from anemometers on a nearby meteorological mast. Statistical analysis of wind speed was performed by means of the Weibull distribution function, and the results were subsequently used to facilitate the determination of several characteristic parameters associated with wind energy applications. The vertical profiles of wind speed derived from the LiDAR system were compared with existing models. Characteristics of wind shear coefficient were examined within different height ranges. Furthermore, the offshore turbulence characteristics were investigated, including the turbulence intensity and gust factor. The outcomes of this study are expected to provide useful information for the development of offshore wind energy.
第二篇: A survey on consumers empowerment, communication technologies, and renewable generation penetration within Smart Grid
原文譯文
The Smart Grid (SG) is a technological transformation from conventional electric grid, electro-mechanically controlled system, to smart, intelligent, and electronically controlled system called the “Smart Grid” (SG). There are about 20–30% losses present in the conventional electric grid due to substandard operations at generation, transmission and distribution side. The major players in the transformation are: (a) increased electricity cost, (b) aging infrastructure, ? carbon footprint, (d) Green House Gas emissions, (e) climate change, and (f) less efficient electrical network. The promising features of the Smart Grid are: (a) intelligent de-centralized control, (b) resilience, ? flexibility, (d) sustainability, (e) digitalization, (f) intelligence, (g) consumer empowerment, (h) green energy, and (i) smart infrastructure.
The fundamental issues and open challenges in the SG are lack of awareness, consumer acceptance, cyber terrorism, data collection management, energy metering, dynamic optimization and energy control. Considering above, in this paper, a comprehensive review exploring information of development, technologies, and techniques in the SG. The main goal is to investigate and reveal the key enabling technologies, to obtain better picture about the current status of SG development. The focus areas of this review study are Architectural Model focusing Consumer Empowerment (CE), Demand Response Program (DRP), and Demand Side Management (DSM). Our survey discusses in detail the Communication Technologies, such as Wireless Advance Metering Infrastructure (AMI), Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU), Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA), and Machine to Machine Communication (M2M). The power systems such as Micro Grid, Nano Grid, Pico Grid, Inter Grid, Virtual Power Plants, and Distributed Generation are also elaborated in this review study. Renewable Energy Resources (RERs) Integration with the SG and Integration issues related to Distributed generation (DG) are presented in this survey. This survey also analyzes Architectural Model of the Smart Grid focusing consumer empowerment and prosumers interaction. The aim of this study is to provide deep understanding of technologies and their applications in the SG.
第三篇: Mastering the game of Go with deep neural networks and tree search
原文譯文
The game of Go has long been viewed as the most challenging of classic games for artificial intelligence due to its enormous search space and the difficulty of evaluating board positions and moves. We introduce a new approach to computer Go that uses value networks to evaluate board positions and policy networks to select moves. These deep neural networks are trained by a novel combination of supervised learning from human expert games, and reinforcement learning from games of self-play. Without any lookahead search, the neural networks play Go at the level of state-of-the-art Monte-Carlo tree search programs that simulate thousands of random games of self-play. We also introduce a new search algorithm that combines Monte-Carlo simulation with value and policy networks. Using this search algorithm, our program AlphaGo achieved a 99.8% winning rate against other Go programs, and defeated the European Go champion by 5 games to 0. This is the first time that a computer program has defeated a human professional player in the full-sized game of Go, a feat previously thought to be at least a decade away.
