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ASP.Net Core 3.1 中使用JWT认证

發(fā)布時(shí)間:2023/12/4 asp.net 22 豆豆
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JWT認(rèn)證簡單介紹

????關(guān)于Jwt的介紹網(wǎng)上很多,此處不在贅述,我們主要看看jwt的結(jié)構(gòu)。

??? JWT主要由三部分組成,如下:

HEADER.PAYLOAD.SIGNATURE

????HEADER包含token的元數(shù)據(jù),主要是加密算法,和簽名的類型,如下面的信息,說明了

加密的對(duì)象類型是JWT,加密算法是HMAC SHA-256

{"alg":"HS256","typ":"JWT"}

????然后需要通過BASE64編碼后存入token中

eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9????

??? Payload主要包含一些聲明信息(claim),這些聲明是key-value對(duì)的數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)。

通常如用戶名,角色等信息,過期日期等,因?yàn)槭俏醇用艿?#xff0c;所以不建議存放敏感信息。

{"http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/name":"admin","exp":1578645536,"iss":"webapi.cn","aud":"WebApi"}

也需要通過BASE64編碼后存入token中

eyJodHRwOi8vc2NoZW1hcy54bWxzb2FwLm9yZy93cy8yMDA1LzA1L2lkZW50aXR5L2NsYWltcy9uYW1lIjoiYWRtaW4iLCJleHAiOjE1Nzg2NDU1MzYsImlzcyI6IndlYmFwaS5jbiIsImF1ZCI6IldlYkFwaSJ9

???? Signaturejwt要符合jws(Json Web Signature)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)生成一個(gè)最終的簽名。把編碼后的Header和Payload信息加在一起,然后使用一個(gè)強(qiáng)加密算法,如 HmacSHA256,進(jìn)行加密。HS256(BASE64(Header).Base64(Payload),secret)

2_akEH40LR2QWekgjm8Tt3lesSbKtDethmJMo_3jpF4

????最后生成的token如下

eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJodHRwOi8vc2NoZW1hcy54bWxzb2FwLm9yZy93cy8yMDA1LzA1L2lkZW50aXR5L2NsYWltcy9uYW1lIjoiYWRtaW4iLCJleHAiOjE1Nzg2NDU1MzYsImlzcyI6IndlYmFwaS5jbiIsImF1ZCI6IldlYkFwaSJ9.2_akEH40LR2QWekgjm8Tt3lesSbKtDethmJMo_3jpF4

???

開發(fā)環(huán)境

框架:asp.net 3.1

IDE:VS2019

ASP.NET 3.1 Webapi中使用JWT認(rèn)證

????命令行中執(zhí)行執(zhí)行以下命令,創(chuàng)建webapix項(xiàng)目:

dotnet new webapi -n Webapi -o WebApi

????特別注意的時(shí),3.x默認(rèn)是沒有jwt的Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authentication.JwtBearer庫的,所以需要手動(dòng)添加NuGet Package,切換到項(xiàng)目所在目錄,執(zhí)行 .net cli命令

dotnet add package Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authentication.JwtBearer --version 3.1.0

????創(chuàng)建一個(gè)簡單的POCO類,用來存儲(chǔ)簽發(fā)或者驗(yàn)證jwt時(shí)用到的信息

using Newtonsoft.Json; using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Threading.Tasks;namespace Webapi.Models{public class TokenManagement{[JsonProperty("secret")]public string Secret { get; set; }[JsonProperty("issuer")]public string Issuer { get; set; }[JsonProperty("audience")]public string Audience { get; set; }[JsonProperty("accessExpiration")]public int AccessExpiration { get; set; }[JsonProperty("refreshExpiration")]public int RefreshExpiration { get; set; }} }

????然后在?appsettings.Development.json?增加jwt使用到的配置信息(如果是生成環(huán)境在appsettings.json添加即可)

"tokenManagement": {"secret": "123456","issuer": "webapi.cn","audience": "WebApi","accessExpiration": 30,"refreshExpiration": 60}

????然后再startup類的ConfigureServices方法中增加讀取配置信息

public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services){services.AddControllers();services.Configure<TokenManagement>(Configuration.GetSection("tokenManagement"));var token = Configuration.GetSection("tokenManagement").Get<TokenManagement>();}

????到目前為止,我們完成了一些基礎(chǔ)工作,下面再webapi中注入jwt的驗(yàn)證服務(wù),并在中間件管道中啟用authentication中間件。

????startup類中要引用jwt驗(yàn)證服務(wù)的命名空間

using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authentication.JwtBearer; using Microsoft.IdentityModel.Tokens;

????然后在ConfigureServices方法中添加如下邏輯

services.AddAuthentication(x =>{x.DefaultAuthenticateScheme = JwtBearerDefaults.AuthenticationScheme;x.DefaultChallengeScheme = JwtBearerDefaults.AuthenticationScheme;}).AddJwtBearer(x =>{x.RequireHttpsMetadata = false;x.SaveToken = true;x.TokenValidationParameters = new TokenValidationParameters{ValidateIssuerSigningKey = true,IssuerSigningKey = new SymmetricSecurityKey(Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(token.Secret)),ValidIssuer = token.Issuer,ValidAudience = token.Audience,ValidateIssuer = false,ValidateAudience = false};});

????再Configure方法中啟用驗(yàn)證

public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IWebHostEnvironment env){if (env.IsDevelopment()){app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage();}app.UseHttpsRedirection();app.UseAuthentication();app.UseRouting();app.UseAuthorization();app.UseEndpoints(endpoints =>{endpoints.MapControllers();});}

????上面完成了JWT驗(yàn)證的功能,下面就需要增加簽發(fā)token的邏輯。我們需要增加一個(gè)專門用來用戶認(rèn)證和簽發(fā)token的控制器,命名成AuthenticationController,同時(shí)增加一個(gè)請(qǐng)求的DTO類

public class LoginRequestDTO{[Required][JsonProperty("username")]public string Username { get; set; }[Required][JsonProperty("password")]public string Password { get; set; }}[Route("api/[controller]")][ApiController]public class AuthenticationController : ControllerBase{[AllowAnonymous][HttpPost, Route("requestToken")]public ActionResult RequestToken([FromBody] LoginRequestDTO request){if (!ModelState.IsValid){return BadRequest("Invalid Request");}return Ok();}}

????目前上面的控制器只實(shí)現(xiàn)了基本的邏輯,下面我們要?jiǎng)?chuàng)建簽發(fā)token的服務(wù),去完成具體的業(yè)務(wù)。第一步我們先創(chuàng)建對(duì)應(yīng)的服務(wù)接口,命名為IAuthenticateService

public interface IAuthenticateService{bool IsAuthenticated(LoginRequestDTO request, out string token);}

????接下來,實(shí)現(xiàn)接口

public class TokenAuthenticationService : IAuthenticateService{public bool IsAuthenticated(LoginRequestDTO request, out string token){throw new NotImplementedException();}}

????在Startup的ConfigureServices方法中注冊(cè)服務(wù)

services.AddScoped<IAuthenticateService, TokenAuthenticationService>();

????在Controller中注入IAuthenticateService服務(wù),并完善action

public class AuthenticationController : ControllerBase{private readonly IAuthenticateService _authService;public AuthenticationController(IAuthenticateService authService){this._authService = authService;}[AllowAnonymous][HttpPost, Route("requestToken")]public ActionResult RequestToken([FromBody] LoginRequestDTO request){if (!ModelState.IsValid){return BadRequest("Invalid Request");}string token;if (_authService.IsAuthenticated(request, out token)){return Ok(token);}return BadRequest("Invalid Request");}}

????正常情況,我們都會(huì)根據(jù)請(qǐng)求的用戶和密碼去驗(yàn)證用戶是否合法,需要連接到數(shù)據(jù)庫獲取數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行校驗(yàn),我們這里為了方便,假設(shè)任何請(qǐng)求的用戶都是合法的。

????這里單獨(dú)加個(gè)用戶管理的服務(wù),不在IAuthenticateService這個(gè)服務(wù)里面添加相應(yīng)邏輯,主要遵循了職責(zé)單一原則。首先和上面一樣,創(chuàng)建一個(gè)服務(wù)接口IUserService

public interface IUserService{bool IsValid(LoginRequestDTO req);}

????實(shí)現(xiàn)IUserService接口

public class UserService : IUserService{//模擬測試,默認(rèn)都是人為驗(yàn)證有效public bool IsValid(LoginRequestDTO req){return true;}}

????同樣注冊(cè)到容器中

services.AddScoped<IUserService, UserService>();

????接下來,就要完善TokenAuthenticationService簽發(fā)token的邏輯,首先要注入IUserService 和 TokenManagement,然后實(shí)現(xiàn)具體的業(yè)務(wù)邏輯,這個(gè)token的生成還是使用的Jwt的類庫提供的api,具體不詳細(xì)描述。

特別注意下TokenManagement的注入是已IOptions的接口類型注入的,還記得在Startpup中嗎?我們是通過配置項(xiàng)的方式注冊(cè)TokenManagement類型的。

public class TokenAuthenticationService : IAuthenticateService{private readonly IUserService _userService;private readonly TokenManagement _tokenManagement;public TokenAuthenticationService(IUserService userService, IOptions<TokenManagement> tokenManagement){_userService = userService;_tokenManagement = tokenManagement.Value;}public bool IsAuthenticated(LoginRequestDTO request, out string token){token = string.Empty;if (!_userService.IsValid(request))return false;var claims = new[]{new Claim(ClaimTypes.Name,request.Username)};var key = new SymmetricSecurityKey(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(_tokenManagement.Secret));var credentials = new SigningCredentials(key, SecurityAlgorithms.HmacSha256);var jwtToken = new JwtSecurityToken(_tokenManagement.Issuer, _tokenManagement.Audience, claims, expires: DateTime.Now.AddMinutes(_tokenManagement.AccessExpiration), signingCredentials: credentials);token = new JwtSecurityTokenHandler().WriteToken(jwtToken);return true;}}

??準(zhǔn)備好測試試用的APi,打上Authorize特性,表明需要授權(quán)!

[ApiController][Route("[controller]")][Authorize]public class WeatherForecastController : ControllerBase{private static readonly string[] Summaries = new[]{"Freezing", "Bracing", "Chilly", "Cool", "Mild", "Warm", "Balmy", "Hot", "Sweltering", "Scorching"};private readonly ILogger<WeatherForecastController> _logger;public WeatherForecastController(ILogger<WeatherForecastController> logger){_logger = logger;}[HttpGet]public IEnumerable<WeatherForecast> Get(){var rng = new Random();return Enumerable.Range(1, 5).Select(index => new WeatherForecast{Date = DateTime.Now.AddDays(index),TemperatureC = rng.Next(-20, 55),Summary = Summaries[rng.Next(Summaries.Length)]}).ToArray();}}

????支持我們可以測試驗(yàn)證了,我們可以使用postman來進(jìn)行http請(qǐng)求,先啟動(dòng)http服務(wù),獲取url,先測試一個(gè)訪問需要授權(quán)的接口,但沒有攜帶token信息,返回是401,表示未授權(quán)

????下面我們先通過認(rèn)證接口,獲取token,居然報(bào)錯(cuò),查詢了下,發(fā)現(xiàn)HS256算法的秘鑰長度最新為128位,轉(zhuǎn)換成字符至少16字符,之前設(shè)置的秘鑰是123456,所以導(dǎo)致異常。

System.ArgumentOutOfRangeException: IDX10603: Decryption failed. Keys tried: 'HS256'. Exceptions caught: '128'. token: '48' (Parameter 'KeySize') at

????更新秘鑰

"tokenManagement": {"secret": "123456123456123456","issuer": "webapi.cn","audience": "WebApi","accessExpiration": 30,"refreshExpiration": 60}

????重新發(fā)起請(qǐng)求,成功獲取token

eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJodHRwOi8vc2NoZW1hcy54bWxzb2FwLm9yZy93cy8yMDA1LzA1L2lkZW50aXR5L2NsYWltcy9uYW1lIjoiYWRtaW4iLCJleHAiOjE1Nzg2NDUyMDMsImlzcyI6IndlYmFwaS5jbiIsImF1ZCI6IldlYkFwaSJ9.AehD8WTAnEtklof2OJsvg0U4_o8_SjdxmwUjzAiuI-o

????把token帶到之前請(qǐng)求的api中,重新測試,成功獲取數(shù)據(jù)

總結(jié)

????基于token的認(rèn)證方式,讓我們構(gòu)建分布式/松耦合的系統(tǒng)更加容易。任何地方生成的token,只有擁有相同秘鑰,就可以再任何地方進(jìn)行簽名校驗(yàn)。

????當(dāng)然要用好jwt認(rèn)證方式,還有其他安全細(xì)節(jié)需要處理,比如palyload中不能存放敏感信息,使用https的加密傳輸方式等等,可以根據(jù)業(yè)務(wù)實(shí)際需要再進(jìn)一步安全加固!

???同時(shí)我們也發(fā)現(xiàn)使用token,就可以擺脫cookie的限制,所以JWT是移動(dòng)app開發(fā)的首選!

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