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linux方法参数,Linux的sysctl 命令 参数

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Linux內(nèi)核通過(guò)/proc虛擬文件系統(tǒng)向用戶導(dǎo)出內(nèi)核信息,用戶也可以通過(guò)/proc文件系統(tǒng)或通過(guò)sysctl命令動(dòng)態(tài)配置內(nèi)核。比如,如果我們想啟動(dòng)NAT,除了加載模塊、配置防火墻外,還需要啟動(dòng)內(nèi)核轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)功能。我們有三種方法:

1. 直接寫/proc文件系統(tǒng)

# echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward

2. 利用sysctl命令

# sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1

sysctl -a可以查看內(nèi)核所有導(dǎo)出的變量

3. 編輯/etc/sysctl.conf

添加如下一行,這樣系統(tǒng)每次啟動(dòng)后,該變量的值就是1

net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1

sysctl是procfs軟件中的命令,該軟件包還提供了w, ps, vmstat, pgrep, pkill, top,

slabtop等命令。

sysctl配置與顯示在/proc/sys目錄中的內(nèi)核參數(shù).可以用sysctl來(lái)設(shè)置或重新設(shè)置聯(lián)網(wǎng)功能,如IP轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)、IP碎片去除以及源路由檢查等。用戶只需要編輯/etc/sysctl.conf文件,即可手工或自動(dòng)執(zhí)行由sysctl控制的功能。

命令格式: ?sysctl [-n] [-e] -w variable=value

sysctl [-n] [-e] -p (default

/etc/sysctl.conf) ?sysctl [-n]

[-e] -a ?常用參數(shù)的意義:

-w ?臨時(shí)改變某個(gè)指定參數(shù)的值,如 ?sysctl -w

net.ipv4.ip_forward=1 ?-a

顯示所有的系統(tǒng)參數(shù) ?-p ?從指定的文件加載系統(tǒng)參數(shù),如不指定即從/etc/sysctl.conf中加載 ?如果僅僅是想臨時(shí)改變某個(gè)系統(tǒng)參數(shù)的值,可以用兩種方法來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn),例如想啟用IP路由轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)功能:

1) #echo 1 >

/proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward ?2) #sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1

以上兩種方法都可能立即開啟路由功能,但如果系統(tǒng)重啟,或執(zhí)行了

# service network

restart命令,所設(shè)置的值即會(huì)丟失,如果想永久保留配置,可以修改/etc/sysctl.conf文件將

net.ipv4.ip_forward=0改為net.ipv4.ip_forward=1

sysctl是一個(gè)允許您改變正在運(yùn)行中的Linux系統(tǒng)的接口。它包含一些 TCP/IP 堆棧和虛擬內(nèi)存系統(tǒng)的高級(jí)選項(xiàng),

這可以讓有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的管理員提高引人注目的系統(tǒng)性能。用sysctl可以讀取設(shè)置超過(guò)五百個(gè)系統(tǒng)變量。基于這點(diǎn),sysctl(8)

提供兩個(gè)功能:讀取和修改系統(tǒng)設(shè)置。

查看所有可讀變量:

% sysctl -a

讀一個(gè)指定的變量,例如 kern.maxproc:

% sysctl kern.maxproc kern.maxproc: 1044

要設(shè)置一個(gè)指定的變量,直接用 variable=value 這樣的語(yǔ)法:

# sysctl kern.maxfiles=5000

kern.maxfiles: 2088 -> 5000

您可以使用sysctl修改系統(tǒng)變量,也可以通過(guò)編輯sysctl.conf文件來(lái)修改系統(tǒng)變量。sysctl.conf

看起來(lái)很像 rc.conf。它用 variable=value

的形式來(lái)設(shè)定值。指定的值在系統(tǒng)進(jìn)入多用戶模式之后被設(shè)定。并不是所有的變量都可以在這個(gè)模式下設(shè)定。

sysctl 變量的設(shè)置通常是字符串、數(shù)字或者布爾型。 (布爾型用 1 來(lái)表示'yes',用 0

來(lái)表示'no')。

sysctl -w kernel.sysrq=0

sysctl -w kernel.core_uses_pid=1

sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects=0

sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route=0

sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter=1

sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies=1

sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog=2048

sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout=30

sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries=2

sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time=3600

sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_window_scaling=1

sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_sack=1

配置sysctl

編輯此文件:

vi /etc/sysctl.conf

如果該文件為空,則輸入以下內(nèi)容,否則請(qǐng)根據(jù)情況自己做調(diào)整:

# Controls source route verification

# Default should work for all interfaces

net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1

# net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 1

# net.ipv4.conf.lo.rp_filter = 1

# net.ipv4.conf.eth0.rp_filter = 1

# Disables IP source routing

# Default should work for all interfaces

net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0

# net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route = 0

# net.ipv4.conf.lo.accept_source_route = 0

# net.ipv4.conf.eth0.accept_source_route = 0

# Controls the System Request debugging functionality of the

kernel

kernel.sysrq = 0

# Controls whether core dumps will append the PID to the core

filename.

# Useful for debugging multi-threaded applications.

kernel.core_uses_pid = 1

# Increase maximum amount of memory allocated to shm

# Only uncomment if needed!

# kernel.shmmax = 67108864

# Disable ICMP Redirect Acceptance

# Default should work for all interfaces

net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects = 0

# net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects = 0

# net.ipv4.conf.lo.accept_redirects = 0

# net.ipv4.conf.eth0.accept_redirects = 0

# Enable Log Spoofed Packets, Source Routed Packets, Redirect

Packets

# Default should work for all interfaces

net.ipv4.conf.default.log_martians = 1

# net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians = 1

# net.ipv4.conf.lo.log_martians = 1

# net.ipv4.conf.eth0.log_martians = 1

# Decrease the time default value for tcp_fin_timeout

connection

net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 25

# Decrease the time default value for tcp_keepalive_time

connection

net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 1200

# Turn on the tcp_window_scaling

net.ipv4.tcp_window_scaling = 1

# Turn on the tcp_sack

net.ipv4.tcp_sack = 1

# tcp_fack should be on because of sack

net.ipv4.tcp_fack = 1

# Turn on the tcp_timestamps

net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps = 1

# Enable TCP SYN Cookie Protection

net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1

# Enable ignoring broadcasts request

net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts = 1

# Enable bad error message Protection

net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses = 1

# Make more local ports available

# net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 1024 65000

# Set TCP Re-Ordering value in kernel to ‘5′

net.ipv4.tcp_reordering = 5

# Lower syn retry rates

net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries = 2

net.ipv4.tcp_syn_retries = 3

# Set Max SYN Backlog to ‘2048′

net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 2048

# Various Settings

net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 1024

# Increase the maximum number of skb-heads to be cached

net.core.hot_list_length = 256

# Increase the tcp-time-wait buckets pool size

net.ipv4.tcp_max_tw_buckets = 360000

# This will increase the amount of memory available for socket

input/output queues

net.core.rmem_default = 65535

net.core.rmem_max = 8388608

net.ipv4.tcp_rmem = 4096 87380 8388608

net.core.wmem_default = 65535

net.core.wmem_max = 8388608

net.ipv4.tcp_wmem = 4096 65535 8388608

net.ipv4.tcp_mem = 8388608 8388608 8388608

net.core.optmem_max = 40960

如果希望屏蔽別人 ping 你的主機(jī),則加入以下代碼:

# Disable ping requests

net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_all = 1

編輯完成后,請(qǐng)執(zhí)行以下命令使變動(dòng)立即生效:

/sbin/sysctl -p

/sbin/sysctl -w net.ipv4.route.flush=1

我們常常在 Linux 的 /proc/sys 目錄下,手動(dòng)設(shè)定一些 kernel 的參數(shù)或是直接 echo 特定的值給一個(gè)

proc下的虛擬檔案,俾利某些檔案之開啟,常見(jiàn)的例如設(shè)定開機(jī)時(shí)自動(dòng)啟動(dòng) IP

Forwarding:

echo “1” >

/proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward

其實(shí),在 Linux 我們還可以用 sysctl command 便可以簡(jiǎn)易的去檢視、設(shè)定或自動(dòng)配置 特定的 kernel

設(shè)定。我們可以在系統(tǒng)提示符號(hào)下輸入「sysctl -a」,摘要如后:abi.defhandler_coff =

117440515

dev.raid.speed_limit_max = 100000

net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects =

1

net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects =

1

net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects =

1

net.ipv4.conf.default.mc_forwarding =

0

net.ipv4.neigh.lo.delay_first_probe_time =

5

net.ipv4.neigh.lo.base_reachable_time =

30

net.ipv4.icmp_ratelimit = 100

net.ipv4.inet_peer_gc_mintime = 10

net.ipv4.igmp_max_memberships = 20

net.ipv4.ip_no_pmtu_disc = 0

net.core.no_cong_thresh = 20

net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 300

net.core.rmem_default = 65535

net.core.wmem_max = 65535

vm.kswapd = 512 32 8

vm.overcommit_memory = 0

vm.bdflush = 30 64 64 256 500 3000 60 0

0

vm.freepages = 351 702 1053

kernel.sem = 250 32000 32 128

kernel.panic = 0

kernel.domainname = (none)

kernel.hostname =

pc02.shinewave.com.tw

kernel.version = #1 Tue Oct 30 20:11:04 EST

2001

kernel.osrelease = 2.4.9-13

kernel.ostype = Linux

fs.dentry-state = 1611 969 45 0 0 0

fs.file-nr = 1121 73 8192

fs.inode-state = 1333 523 0 0 0 0 0

從上述的語(yǔ)法我們大概可看出 sysctl 的表示法乃把目錄結(jié)構(gòu)的「/」以「.」表示,一層一層的連結(jié)下去。當(dāng)然以echo

特定的值給一個(gè) proc下的虛擬檔案也是可以用 sysctl加以表示,例如:

#sysctl –w net.ipv4.ip_forward =”1”

或是直接在 /etc/sysctl.conf 增刪修改特定檔案的

0,1值亦可:

# Enables packet forwarding

net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1

# Enables source route verification

net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1

# Disables the magic-sysrq key

kernel.sysrq = 0

當(dāng)然如果考慮 reboot 后仍有效, 直接在 /etc/sysctl.conf 增刪修改特定檔案的

0,1值才可使之保留設(shè)定(以RedHat 為例,每次開機(jī)系統(tǒng)啟動(dòng)后, init 會(huì)執(zhí)行

/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit,便會(huì)使用 /etc/sysctl.conf 的預(yù)設(shè)值去執(zhí)行

sysctl)。

相關(guān)參考檔案:

/sbin/sysctl

/etc/sysctl.conf

sysctl 及sysctl.conf manpage

/usr/src/linux-x.y.z/Documentation/sysctl/*

/usr/share/doc/kernel-doc-x.y.z/sysctl/* (RedHat)

http://hi.baidu.com/caosicong/blog/item/0a592360d438cfda8db10d9b.html

http://hi.baidu.com/phpfamer/blog/item/932e276eb39c30de80cb4a3c.htmlsysctl配置與顯示在/proc/sys目錄中的內(nèi)核參數(shù).可以用sysctl來(lái)設(shè)置或重新設(shè)置聯(lián)網(wǎng)功能,如IP轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)、IP碎片去除以及源路由檢查等。用戶只需要編輯/etc/sysctl.conf文件,即可手工或自動(dòng)執(zhí)行由sysctl控制的功能。

命令格式: ?sysctl [-n] [-e] -w variable=value

sysctl [-n] [-e] -p (default

/etc/sysctl.conf) ?sysctl [-n]

[-e] -a ?常用參數(shù)的意義:

-w ?臨時(shí)改變某個(gè)指定參數(shù)的值,如 ?sysctl -w

net.ipv4.ip_forward=1 ?-a

顯示所有的系統(tǒng)參數(shù) ?-p ?從指定的文件加載系統(tǒng)參數(shù),如不指定即從/etc/sysctl.conf中加載 ?如果僅僅是想臨時(shí)改變某個(gè)系統(tǒng)參數(shù)的值,可以用兩種方法來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn),例如想啟用IP路由轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)功能:

1) #echo 1 >

/proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward ?2) #sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1

以上兩種方法都可能立即開啟路由功能,但如果系統(tǒng)重啟,或執(zhí)行了

# service network

restart命令,所設(shè)置的值即會(huì)丟失,如果想永久保留配置,可以修改/etc/sysctl.conf文件將

net.ipv4.ip_forward=0改為net.ipv4.ip_forward=1

sysctl是一個(gè)允許您改變正在運(yùn)行中的Linux系統(tǒng)的接口。它包含一些 TCP/IP 堆棧和虛擬內(nèi)存系統(tǒng)的高級(jí)選項(xiàng),

這可以讓有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的管理員提高引人注目的系統(tǒng)性能。用sysctl可以讀取設(shè)置超過(guò)五百個(gè)系統(tǒng)變量。基于這點(diǎn),sysctl(8)

提供兩個(gè)功能:讀取和修改系統(tǒng)設(shè)置。

查看所有可讀變量:

% sysctl -a

讀一個(gè)指定的變量,例如 kern.maxproc:

% sysctl kern.maxproc kern.maxproc: 1044

要設(shè)置一個(gè)指定的變量,直接用 variable=value 這樣的語(yǔ)法:

# sysctl kern.maxfiles=5000

kern.maxfiles: 2088 -> 5000

您可以使用sysctl修改系統(tǒng)變量,也可以通過(guò)編輯sysctl.conf文件來(lái)修改系統(tǒng)變量。sysctl.conf

看起來(lái)很像 rc.conf。它用 variable=value

的形式來(lái)設(shè)定值。指定的值在系統(tǒng)進(jìn)入多用戶模式之后被設(shè)定。并不是所有的變量都可以在這個(gè)模式下設(shè)定。

sysctl 變量的設(shè)置通常是字符串、數(shù)字或者布爾型。 (布爾型用 1 來(lái)表示'yes',用 0

來(lái)表示'no')。

sysctl -w kernel.sysrq=0

sysctl -w kernel.core_uses_pid=1

sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects=0

sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route=0

sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter=1

sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies=1

sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog=2048

sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout=30

sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries=2

sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time=3600

sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_window_scaling=1

sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_sack=1

配置sysctl

編輯此文件:

vi /etc/sysctl.conf

如果該文件為空,則輸入以下內(nèi)容,否則請(qǐng)根據(jù)情況自己做調(diào)整:

# Controls source route verification

# Default should work for all interfaces

net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1

# net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 1

# net.ipv4.conf.lo.rp_filter = 1

# net.ipv4.conf.eth0.rp_filter = 1

# Disables IP source routing

# Default should work for all interfaces

net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0

# net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route = 0

# net.ipv4.conf.lo.accept_source_route = 0

# net.ipv4.conf.eth0.accept_source_route = 0

# Controls the System Request debugging functionality of the

kernel

kernel.sysrq = 0

# Controls whether core dumps will append the PID to the core

filename.

# Useful for debugging multi-threaded applications.

kernel.core_uses_pid = 1

# Increase maximum amount of memory allocated to shm

# Only uncomment if needed!

# kernel.shmmax = 67108864

# Disable ICMP Redirect Acceptance

# Default should work for all interfaces

net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects = 0

# net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects = 0

# net.ipv4.conf.lo.accept_redirects = 0

# net.ipv4.conf.eth0.accept_redirects = 0

# Enable Log Spoofed Packets, Source Routed Packets, Redirect

Packets

# Default should work for all interfaces

net.ipv4.conf.default.log_martians = 1

# net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians = 1

# net.ipv4.conf.lo.log_martians = 1

# net.ipv4.conf.eth0.log_martians = 1

# Decrease the time default value for tcp_fin_timeout

connection

net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 25

# Decrease the time default value for tcp_keepalive_time

connection

net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 1200

# Turn on the tcp_window_scaling

net.ipv4.tcp_window_scaling = 1

# Turn on the tcp_sack

net.ipv4.tcp_sack = 1

# tcp_fack should be on because of sack

net.ipv4.tcp_fack = 1

# Turn on the tcp_timestamps

net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps = 1

# Enable TCP SYN Cookie Protection

net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1

# Enable ignoring broadcasts request

net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts = 1

# Enable bad error message Protection

net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses = 1

# Make more local ports available

# net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 1024 65000

# Set TCP Re-Ordering value in kernel to ‘5′

net.ipv4.tcp_reordering = 5

# Lower syn retry rates

net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries = 2

net.ipv4.tcp_syn_retries = 3

# Set Max SYN Backlog to ‘2048′

net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 2048

# Various Settings

net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 1024

# Increase the maximum number of skb-heads to be cached

net.core.hot_list_length = 256

# Increase the tcp-time-wait buckets pool size

net.ipv4.tcp_max_tw_buckets = 360000

# This will increase the amount of memory available for socket

input/output queues

net.core.rmem_default = 65535

net.core.rmem_max = 8388608

net.ipv4.tcp_rmem = 4096 87380 8388608

net.core.wmem_default = 65535

net.core.wmem_max = 8388608

net.ipv4.tcp_wmem = 4096 65535 8388608

net.ipv4.tcp_mem = 8388608 8388608 8388608

net.core.optmem_max = 40960

如果希望屏蔽別人 ping 你的主機(jī),則加入以下代碼:

# Disable ping requests

net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_all = 1

編輯完成后,請(qǐng)執(zhí)行以下命令使變動(dòng)立即生效:

/sbin/sysctl -p

/sbin/sysctl -w net.ipv4.route.flush=1

我們常常在 Linux 的 /proc/sys 目錄下,手動(dòng)設(shè)定一些 kernel 的參數(shù)或是直接 echo 特定的值給一個(gè)

proc下的虛擬檔案,俾利某些檔案之開啟,常見(jiàn)的例如設(shè)定開機(jī)時(shí)自動(dòng)啟動(dòng) IP

Forwarding:

echo “1” >

/proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward

其實(shí),在 Linux 我們還可以用 sysctl command 便可以簡(jiǎn)易的去檢視、設(shè)定或自動(dòng)配置 特定的 kernel

設(shè)定。我們可以在系統(tǒng)提示符號(hào)下輸入「sysctl -a」,摘要如后:abi.defhandler_coff =

117440515

dev.raid.speed_limit_max = 100000

net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects =

1

net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects =

1

net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects =

1

net.ipv4.conf.default.mc_forwarding =

0

net.ipv4.neigh.lo.delay_first_probe_time =

5

net.ipv4.neigh.lo.base_reachable_time =

30

net.ipv4.icmp_ratelimit = 100

net.ipv4.inet_peer_gc_mintime = 10

net.ipv4.igmp_max_memberships = 20

net.ipv4.ip_no_pmtu_disc = 0

net.core.no_cong_thresh = 20

net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 300

net.core.rmem_default = 65535

net.core.wmem_max = 65535

vm.kswapd = 512 32 8

vm.overcommit_memory = 0

vm.bdflush = 30 64 64 256 500 3000 60 0

0

vm.freepages = 351 702 1053

kernel.sem = 250 32000 32 128

kernel.panic = 0

kernel.domainname = (none)

kernel.hostname =

pc02.shinewave.com.tw

kernel.version = #1 Tue Oct 30 20:11:04 EST

2001

kernel.osrelease = 2.4.9-13

kernel.ostype = Linux

fs.dentry-state = 1611 969 45 0 0 0

fs.file-nr = 1121 73 8192

fs.inode-state = 1333 523 0 0 0 0 0

從上述的語(yǔ)法我們大概可看出 sysctl 的表示法乃把目錄結(jié)構(gòu)的「/」以「.」表示,一層一層的連結(jié)下去。當(dāng)然以echo

特定的值給一個(gè) proc下的虛擬檔案也是可以用 sysctl加以表示,例如:

#sysctl –w net.ipv4.ip_forward =”1”

或是直接在 /etc/sysctl.conf 增刪修改特定檔案的

0,1值亦可:

# Enables packet forwarding

net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1

# Enables source route verification

net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1

# Disables the magic-sysrq key

kernel.sysrq = 0

當(dāng)然如果考慮 reboot 后仍有效, 直接在 /etc/sysctl.conf 增刪修改特定檔案的

0,1值才可使之保留設(shè)定(以RedHat 為例,每次開機(jī)系統(tǒng)啟動(dòng)后, init 會(huì)執(zhí)行

/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit,便會(huì)使用 /etc/sysctl.conf 的預(yù)設(shè)值去執(zhí)行

sysctl)。

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