數(shù)據(jù)可視化 信息可視化

John Snow’s map of Cholera cases near London’s Broad Street.約翰·斯諾(John Snow)在倫敦寬街附近的霍亂病例地圖。

John Snow, “the father of epidemiology,” is famous for his cholera maps. These maps represent so many of our aspirations as data-designers. By obsessively (heroically!) diving into London’s 1854 cholera outbreak, laboriously gathering an infection dataset (at his own peril!), then overlaying the data around the infamous pump on Broad Street, John Snow not only revealed a fundamental truth about London’s cholera outbreak, but he also made it inescapably obvious to stubborn public officials. John Snow and his visualization saved a city — or so the legend goes (src, src).

約翰·斯諾 ( John Snow )是“流行病學(xué)之父”，以霍亂地圖聞名。 這些地圖代表了我們作為數(shù)據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)人員的許多愿望。 約翰·斯諾(癡迷于(從神學(xué)上！)潛入倫敦1854年霍亂爆發(fā)，努力收集感染數(shù)據(jù)集(后果自負(fù)！)，然后將數(shù)據(jù)覆蓋在臭名昭著的Broad街周圍，約翰·斯諾(John Snow)不僅揭示了倫敦霍亂爆發(fā)的基本事實(shí)，但他也使頑固的公職人員不可避免地變得顯而易見。 約翰·斯諾( John Snow) 和他的可視化保存了一座城市-傳說(shuō)就這樣了( src ， src )。

True or not, the Guardian describes John Snow’s maps as “a model of how to work today” (src). We aspire toward visualizations like this because they enlighten. We judge their quality by “knowledge gain,” or how much insight a person gains for having experienced them.

不管是真的還是不是，《衛(wèi)報(bào)》都將約翰·斯諾的地圖描述為“今天工作方式的典范”( src )。 我們渴望這樣的可視化，因?yàn)樗鼈儐l(fā)了我們。 我們通過(guò)“知識(shí)增益”或一個(gè)人通過(guò)體驗(yàn)他們獲得的洞察力來(lái)判斷他們的素質(zhì)。

These singular acts of visualization brilliance are certainly worthy of admiration. But data visualization doesn’t need to reveal the secrets of the universe to make the world a better place.

這些奇異的可視化光輝行為當(dāng)然值得欽佩。 但是，數(shù)據(jù)可視化不需要揭示宇宙的秘密就可以使世界變得更美好。

dataviz是否需要洞察力才能發(fā)揮影響力？ (Does dataviz need to be insightful to be influential?)

A more common experience with data, I suspect, is much more personal even if more mundane. It’s looking at our checking accounts, glancing at our car’s (literal) dashboards, watching step counts climb on Fitbits, checking our blood-glucose monitors, tracking our periods, etc.

我懷疑 ，即使是更為平凡的數(shù)據(jù)，更常見的數(shù)據(jù)體驗(yàn)也會(huì)更加個(gè)人化。 它正在查看我們的支票帳戶，瀏覽我們的汽車(文字)儀表盤，觀看Fitbits上的步數(shù)攀升，檢查我們的血糖監(jiān)視器，跟蹤我們的月經(jīng)等。

None of these experiences necessarily offer life-changing analysis. But because these data interactions reach so many people, so frequently — and, often, they’re designed to nudge us in the right direction— I suspect their aggregate impact is at least comparable to legendary works such as Snow’s.

這些經(jīng)驗(yàn)都不能提供改變生活的分析。 但是，由于這些數(shù)據(jù)交互如此頻繁地接觸到如此多的人，并且經(jīng)常是為了將我們推向正確的方向，所以我懷疑它們的總體影響至少可以與斯諾的傳奇作品相媲美。

dataviz的發(fā)展分支…… (A developing branch of dataviz…)

Dataviz doesn’t need to reveal the secrets of the universe to be impactful.

Dataviz無(wú)需透露宇宙的秘密就可以產(chǎn)生影響。

As more of everything we do leaves a trail of data, there are growing opportunities to surface this data in ways that positively impact users’ lives. (And, conversely, there is a greater risk of doing harm.)

隨著我們所做的每一件事都留下數(shù)據(jù)痕跡，越來(lái)越多的機(jī)會(huì)以對(duì)用戶生活產(chǎn)生積極影響的方式顯示這些數(shù)據(jù)。 (相反，存在更大的遭受傷害的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。)

The growing ocean of personal data means new opportunities to make the world a better place by focusing on smaller, more intimate, everyday visualizations. In particular, I think there are significant, untapped and under-appreciated opportunities helping people, as users of various products and services, to visualize their own data.

不斷增長(zhǎng)的個(gè)人數(shù)據(jù)海洋意味著通過(guò)專注于更小巧，更貼心的日常可視化，可以使世界變得更加美好。 我特別認(rèn)為，存在大量的，尚未開發(fā)的和未被重視的機(jī)會(huì)，它們可以幫助人們(作為各種產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)的用戶)可視化自己的數(shù)據(jù)。

This type of design is worth highlighting because, even though it draws heavily from two well-established disciplines (dataviz & UX), the intent is different. Instead of optimizing for revelation (as with dataviz) or utility/delight (as with UX), user-data visualization centers more on personal reflection. It’s more about motivation than information, and this brings unique considerations, opportunities and risks (as we’ll see below!).

值得一提的是這種類型的設(shè)計(jì)，因?yàn)榧词顾罅拷梃b了兩個(gè)行之有效的學(xué)科(dataviz和UX)，其目的也有所不同。 用戶數(shù)據(jù)可視化不是針對(duì)顯示(如dataviz)或?qū)嵱贸绦?工具(如UX)進(jìn)行優(yōu)化，而是將更多的精力放在個(gè)人反思上。 與其說(shuō)動(dòng)機(jī)，不如說(shuō)是信息 ，這帶來(lái)了獨(dú)特的考慮因素，機(jī)遇和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(我們將在下文中看到！)。

In this post, we’ll examine 7 examples of “motivational visualization” (i.e. helping people visualize themselves & make positive change). I hope this accomplishes the following:

在本文中，我們將研究“動(dòng)機(jī)可視化”的7個(gè)示例(即幫助人們可視化自己并做出積極的改變)。 我希望這可以實(shí)現(xiàn)以下目標(biāo)：

Draw attention to the practice of motivational visualization to help seed further conversation within the Dataviz community.

提請(qǐng)注意動(dòng)機(jī)可視化的實(shí)踐，以幫助在Dataviz社區(qū)內(nèi)進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的對(duì)話。

By highlighting the methods behind these examples, help dashboard and product designers realize a few superpowers they might not be tapping into.

通過(guò)突出顯示這些示例背后的方法，可以幫助儀表板和產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)人員實(shí)現(xiàn)他們可能無(wú)法利用的一些超能力。

Inspire other practitioners to explore new ways of conveying smaller, more personal truths.

激發(fā)其他從業(yè)者探索傳達(dá)較小，更多個(gè)人真理的新方法。

Behavior and Energy Policy”). The horizontal bar chart on the left shows the customer’s consumption compared to their peers. The chart on the right shows “injunctive feedback,” conveying approval or disapproval of the customer’s behavior.行為和能源政策 ”)。 左側(cè)的水平條形圖顯示了客戶與同行相比的消費(fèi)量。 右圖顯示了“禁令反饋”，傳達(dá)了對(duì)客戶行為的認(rèn)可或不認(rèn)可。

可視化功耗 (Visualizing Power Consumption)

In 2008, in an effort to reduce electricity consumption, the Sacramento Municipal Utility District tried a new technique. They sent 35,000 customers a letter with a few simple charts, showing customers their electricity consumption compared to their neighbors.

2008年，為減少電力消耗，薩克拉曼多市政公用事業(yè)區(qū)嘗試了一項(xiàng)新技術(shù)。 他們給了35,000個(gè)客戶一封信，并附有一些簡(jiǎn)單的圖表，顯示了與鄰居相比客戶的用電量。

In the charts above you can see a bar graph with 3 bars, representing power consumption for 3 different groups: “efficient” neighbors, all neighbors and the recipient’s household. This showed customers if they were consuming more or less electricity than their neighbors.

在上面的圖表中，您可以看到帶有3條柱形圖的條形圖，代表3個(gè)不同組的功耗：“有效”鄰居，所有鄰居和接收者的家庭。 這向客戶顯示了他們消耗的電量是否比鄰居多。

Customers who received these letters reduced their power consumption by 2% on average (src). While this seems small in terms of an individual’s power bill, across all the customers this amounts to terawatts of electricity and millions of dollars saved collectively. Since then, other utilities around the country have adopted this approach.

收到這些信函的客戶平均將其功耗降低了2％( src )。 雖然就個(gè)人的電費(fèi)而言，這似乎很小，但在所有客戶中，這總計(jì)相當(dāng)于數(shù)兆瓦的電，并且集體節(jié)省了數(shù)百萬(wàn)美元。 從那以后，全國(guó)其他公用事業(yè)都采用了這種方法。

超級(jí)大國(guó)： (Superpower:)

What makes these charts impactful isn’t just the feedback (“you consumed X of electricity”), it’s the context the feedback is presented in (“you consumed X, most of your neighbors consumed Y”). As people, we look to others’ behaviors as norms for our own. So by seeing others’ power consumption, people change their own consumption habits to be more consistent with the social norm.

使這些圖表具有影響力的不僅是反饋(“您消耗了X的電量”)，還在于顯示了反饋的上下文(“您消耗了X的電量，大多數(shù)鄰居消耗了Y”)。 作為人，我們將他人的行為視為自己的規(guī)范。 因此，通過(guò)查看他人的用電量，人們可以改變自己的用電習(xí)慣，使其更符合社會(huì)規(guī)范。

In a related experiment, Schultz & friends found that the same message with an additional smiley or frowny face amplified the effect even further by reinforcing the behaviors of households that were already doing a good job (src).

在一項(xiàng)相關(guān)的實(shí)驗(yàn)中，舒爾茨和朋友們發(fā)現(xiàn)，同一條帶有額外笑臉或皺眉的信息通過(guò)增強(qiáng)已經(jīng)做好工作的家庭的行為進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大了效果( src )。

帶走： (Takeaway:)

Nothing about the electricity usage charts are profoundly insightful, at least not in the way we might think of John Snow’s cholera maps. But even simple visualizations, when paired with an understanding of human and social psychology, can be impactful to large numbers of people. These types of visualizations won’t win a Pulitzer, but in aggregate they can make a big difference in our lives and our communities.

用電量圖表并沒(méi)有什么深刻的見識(shí)，至少在我們可能不會(huì)想到約翰·斯諾的霍亂地圖方面。 但是，即使簡(jiǎn)單的可視化與對(duì)人類和社會(huì)心理學(xué)的理解相結(jié)合，也可能對(duì)大量人產(chǎn)生影響。 這些類型的可視化不會(huì)贏得普利策獎(jiǎng)，但總的來(lái)說(shuō)，它們可以對(duì)我們的生活和社區(qū)產(chǎn)生巨大的影響。

Tweets of people’s blood-glucose levels and the stories behind them (src, src, src, src). The line graphs show users’ blood glucose measurements, plotted overtime throughout the day, relative to a healthy target zone. If users’ blood sugar gets too high or low it can have serious health consequences. 人們的血糖水平推文及其背后的故事( src ， src ， src ， src )。 線形圖顯示了用戶的血糖測(cè)量值，相對(duì)于健康的目標(biāo)區(qū)域，該測(cè)量值是一整天加班繪制的。 如果使用者的血糖過(guò)高或過(guò)低，都會(huì)對(duì)健康造成嚴(yán)重后果。

可視化血糖 (Visualizing Blood Glucose)

For the 1.6M people in the US with Type1 Diabetes, graphs like these are never far from top-of-mind. As Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) becomes widespread, these charts have become part of daily life.

對(duì)于美國(guó)160萬(wàn)患有1型糖尿病的人來(lái)說(shuō)，像這樣的圖表從來(lái)都不是最重要的。 隨著連續(xù)血糖監(jiān)測(cè)(CGM)的普及，這些圖表已成為日常生活的一部分。

Often, the plot of your blood glucose is the story of your day.

通常，您的血糖情節(jié)就是您今天的故事。

If you search Twitter for #T1D you’ll find example after example like the tweets above. What makes these so compelling is that they’re lived data. They’re a reflection of the user’s life. The value is not just the information, it’s visualization as a satisfying memento.

如果您在Twitter上搜索＃T1D，則會(huì)在示例之后找到類似上述推文的示例。 是什么使得這些如此引人注目的是，他們居住的數(shù)據(jù)。 它們反映了用戶的生活。 價(jià)值不僅僅是信息，它還可以看作是令人滿意的紀(jì)念品。

Of course, these charts are also effective. In multiple studies, giving subjects with Type1 Diabetes a CGM helped improve blood sugar control significantly (src, src). For people with Type1, the CGM and these simple plots, are life-changing (and occasionally life-saving).

當(dāng)然，這些圖表也是有效的。 在多項(xiàng)研究中，對(duì)1型糖尿病受試者進(jìn)行CGM有助于顯著改善血糖控制( src ， src )。 對(duì)于擁有Type1的人來(lái)說(shuō)，CGM和這些簡(jiǎn)單的圖可以改變生活(并有時(shí)可以挽救生命)。

Matthaei & friends’ Ambulatory Glucose Profile (AGP), showing a distribution of blood glucose levels compared to a target range over a 24 hour period.Matthaei和朋友的動(dòng)態(tài)血糖曲線(AGP) ，顯示了24小時(shí)內(nèi)與目標(biāo)范圍相比血糖水平的分布。

超級(jí)大國(guó)： (Superpower:)

Like Tufte and Powsner’s “Graphical Summary of Patient Status” (src), which show data in the context of a historic normal range, the chart above from Matthaei & friends presents a target range for blood glucose (because levels shouldn’t be too high or too low). This helps users quickly identify dangerous deviations, so they can take appropriate action (e.g. administering insulin).

就像Tufte和Powsner的“ 患者狀況的圖形摘要 ”( src )在歷史正常范圍內(nèi)顯示數(shù)據(jù)一樣，上圖由Matthaei＆friends繪制的圖表提出了血糖的目標(biāo)范圍 (因?yàn)樗讲粦?yīng)過(guò)高)或太低)。 這可以幫助用戶快速識(shí)別危險(xiǎn)的偏差，以便他們可以采取適當(dāng)?shù)拇胧?例如，服用胰島素)。

While presenting goals as a range is necessary for glucose monitoring, there’s also evidence that representing any goal as a range is more effective than a point value. Targeting a range of acceptable outcomes is simultaneously more forgiving and ambitious, encouraging users to persevere over the long-term (src, src).

雖然將目標(biāo)顯示為范圍對(duì)于葡萄糖監(jiān)測(cè)是必要的，但也有證據(jù)表明，將任何目標(biāo)表示為范圍比點(diǎn)值更有效。 瞄準(zhǔn)一系列可接受的結(jié)果同時(shí)更寬容和雄心勃勃，鼓勵(lì)用戶長(zhǎng)期堅(jiān)持不懈( src ， src )。

帶走： (Takeaway:)

User data is lived data. This enables visualizations that are functional and can also involve unique dimensions of nostalgia, intimacy and affirmation. Even without revealing new insights (e.g. users already know what grandma’s cooking is likely to do to their levels), there’s still value in visualization as a memento.

用戶數(shù)據(jù)是實(shí)時(shí)數(shù)據(jù)。 這使功能化的可視化成為可能，并且還可能涉及到懷舊，親密和肯定的獨(dú)特維度。 即使沒(méi)有透露新見解(例如，用戶已經(jīng)知道奶奶的烹飪可能會(huì)達(dá)到他們的水平)，可視化仍然是一種紀(jì)念品。

src). As user’s screen-time metric increases, avatars become progressively sicker.src )的6種狀態(tài)進(jìn)行。 隨著用戶的屏幕時(shí)間指標(biāo)的增加，化身變得越來(lái)越惡心。

可視化屏幕時(shí)間 (Visualizing Screen-Time)

Older millennials may remember the Tamagotchi invasion of 1997. Suddenly, everyone in 6th grade had a colorful plastic ornament hanging off a belt loop or tucked in a baggy pocket. Several researchers have shown that the attachment we felt toward these digital creatures is transferable to other parts of our lives that actually deserve our vigilance.

千禧一代可能會(huì)記得1997年的“塔瑪哥奇”入侵。突然之間，六年級(jí)的每個(gè)人都有五顏六色的塑料裝飾品掛在皮帶環(huán)上或藏在寬松的口袋里。 一些研究人員表明，我們對(duì)這些數(shù)字生物的依戀可以轉(zhuǎn)移到我們生活中的其他部分，這些部分實(shí)際上值得我們保持警惕。

One challenge many of us face is limiting screen time. In 2019, Kenny Chow showed that representing screen time as an infliction on a “l(fā)ively” animated avatar was a promising intervention toward reducing participants’ screen time (src). The more time users spent with devices open, the sicklier the avatar becomes.

我們?cè)S多人面臨的挑戰(zhàn)之一是限制屏幕時(shí)間。 在2019年，Kenny Chow展示了將屏幕時(shí)間表示為對(duì)“生動(dòng)”動(dòng)畫化身的侵犯，這是減少參與者屏幕時(shí)間( src )的有前途的干預(yù)措施。 用戶打開設(shè)備花費(fèi)的時(shí)間越多，虛擬化身就變得越病態(tài)。

This model of creature-as-data has worked in other contexts. Lin & friends showed that representing physical activity as a virtual fish tank helped participants become more physically active (src). Consolvo and friends showed a similar effect for visualizations of flowers and butterflies standing in for exercise events and goals (src).

這種作為數(shù)據(jù)的生物模型在其他情況下也起作用。 Lin和他的朋友表明，將體育活動(dòng)表現(xiàn)為虛擬魚缸有助于參與者提高體育活動(dòng)( src )。 Consolvo和朋友對(duì)參加運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目和目標(biāo)( src )的花朵和蝴蝶的可視化顯示了相似的效果。

At first glance, these representations seem more like “data art” than “data visualization.” But I think the effect is the same. Instead of encoding data for preattentive processing via our brains’ spatial wiring, the avatars encode the data for the parts of our brains that make us social and supportive. We feel the data through our empathy for the “l(fā)iving” character on the screen.

乍一看，這些表示形式更像是“數(shù)據(jù)藝術(shù)”而不是“數(shù)據(jù)可視化”。 但我認(rèn)為效果是一樣的。 化身不是對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行編碼，而是通過(guò)大腦的空間布線進(jìn)行細(xì)心的處理，而是對(duì)使我們變得社交和支持的大腦各部分的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行編碼。 我們通過(guò)同情屏幕上的“活著”角色來(lái)感受數(shù)據(jù)。

超級(jí)大國(guó)： (Superpowers:)

This probably doesn’t make sense for a Tableau dashboard at work. For many use-cases (e.g. journalism, BI, reporting, etc), immediacy, precision and depth are supreme. For personal-viz, though, some of these constraints can be relaxed:

對(duì)于工作中的Tableau儀表板，這可能沒(méi)有任何意義。 對(duì)于許多用例(例如新聞，BI，報(bào)告等)，即時(shí)性，準(zhǔn)確性和深度都是至高無(wú)上的。 但是，對(duì)于個(gè)人而言，可以放寬一些約束：

• If you can assume the user will interact with the visualization multiple times, a longer learning curve is sometimes acceptable (and to the extent that learning the viz can instill feelings of mastery, a steeper learning curve might be desirable).
  如果您可以假設(shè)用戶將與可視化進(jìn)行多次交互，則有時(shí)可以接受更長(zhǎng)的學(xué)習(xí)曲線(并且在某種程度上，學(xué)習(xí)Viz可以灌輸掌握的感覺(jué)，可能更陡峭的學(xué)習(xí)曲線是可取的)。
• Precision is sometimes undesirable (e.g. for weight loss, users can overly fixate on natural ups-and-downs). Representing data on a vague scale like “sick avatar” to “healthy avatar” can help users gain sensitivity to the metric without fixation.
  有時(shí)精度是不可取的(例如，為了減輕體重，用戶可能過(guò)度偏愛(ài)自然的起伏)。 用諸如“病化身”到“健康化身”這樣的模糊表述數(shù)據(jù)可以幫助用戶無(wú)需度量即可獲得對(duì)指標(biāo)的敏感性。
• If the underlying data is relatively simple and a shallower representation creates a sense of emotional attachment, forgoing depth for extended engagement is an easy tradeoff to make.
  如果基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單，并且較淺的表示形式產(chǎn)生了情感依戀感，那么放棄長(zhǎng)期參與的深度就很容易做出權(quán)衡。

帶走： (Takeaway:)

The goals and constraints for motivational viz can be quite different from traditional dataviz, making very non-traditional visualizations like Avatars, Fish and Flowers potentially very effective. When the goal is not just conveying information, but creating an emotional connection, tapping into users’ empathy through tactics like anthropomorphization can help form an emotional bond to the underlying data.

為激勵(lì)即目標(biāo)和約束可以從傳統(tǒng)的DataViz公司完全不同，使得像化身，魚和花卉非常非傳統(tǒng)的可視化可能非常有效。 當(dāng)目標(biāo)不僅是傳達(dá)信息，而是建立情感聯(lián)系時(shí)，通過(guò)擬人化等策略利用用戶的同理心可以幫助與基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)形成情感紐帶。

Betterment’s “Goal Forecaster.” The fan chart shows that, if I deposit $254.14 / month, I have a high-probability of cruising the Caribbean in a new 26’ sailboat in just 20 short years. Betterment的“目標(biāo)預(yù)測(cè)器”。 扇形圖顯示，如果我每月存入$ 254.14，那么在短短的20年內(nèi)，我就有很高的可能性在新的26'帆船中巡游加勒比海。

可視化財(cái)務(wù)目標(biāo) (Visualizing Financial Goals)

Most brokerage services encourage bad investing habits. From the moment users login, they see charts & graphs of their portfolio performance in the past or the market’s performance right now.

大多數(shù)經(jīng)紀(jì)服務(wù)會(huì)鼓勵(lì)不良的投資習(xí)慣。 從用戶登錄的那一刻起，他們就可以查看過(guò)去或現(xiàn)在的市場(chǎng)表現(xiàn)的圖表。

When I spoke with Dan Egan (Head of Behavioral Finance at Betterment), he said this backward-looking focus leads users to reactionary decision making, ultimately hurting their long-term financial outcomes (e.g. “Oh! The market just went down, I have to sell out because I don’t want it to go down more”).

當(dāng)我與丹尼爾·埃根(Betterment行為金融學(xué)負(fù)責(zé)人)交談時(shí)，他說(shuō)，這種向后看的重點(diǎn)使用戶做出了反動(dòng)的決策，最終損害了他們的長(zhǎng)期財(cái)務(wù)成果(例如，“哦！市場(chǎng)剛剛下跌，我有賣光了，因?yàn)槲也幌胱屗碌唷薄?

Egan’s research suggests that the more users fixate on portfolio performance, the more likely they are to fidget, and fidgeting lowers users’ expected returns (src).

埃根(Egan)的研究表明，用戶對(duì)投資組合績(jī)效的關(guān)注程度越高，他們?cè)饺菀鬃⒉话?#xff0c;而坐立不安會(huì)降低用戶的預(yù)期收益( src )。

According to Dan: “In investing, people spend a lot of time looking at history. But you just can’t change history. You can’t change that outcome.” Instead, “the only thing that matters is what you decide to do with today and how that sets you up for the future.”

丹說(shuō)：“在投資中，人們花很多時(shí)間看歷史。 但您只是無(wú)法更改歷史記錄。 您無(wú)法改變結(jié)果。” 取而代之的是，“唯一重要的是您決定今天如何做以及如何為將來(lái)做準(zhǔn)備。”

So Betterment encourages users to look forward by offering visualizations like the Goal Forecaster, designed to “focus you on the future and where you want to end up.” It helps you see “how your actions today put you in a better position in the future.”

因此，Betterment通過(guò)提供諸如“目標(biāo)預(yù)測(cè)器”之類的可視化工具來(lái)鼓勵(lì)用戶前瞻 ，這些可視化工具旨在“使您著眼于未來(lái)以及最終目標(biāo)。” 它可以幫助您了解“您今天的行為如何使您將來(lái)處于更好的位置。”

Research backs this up. Simulating various saving schedules helps users connect the cause and effect of their actions now (auto-deposit) with likely future outcomes (boat). Making these relationships concrete helps people grasp the effects of complex concepts like exponential growth and motivates users to save more (src, src). Another 2015 study suggests that highlighting the difference between savings goals and savings projections helps participants make better decisions, using the endowment effect to their advantage (src).

研究對(duì)此提供了支持。 模擬各種保存計(jì)劃可以幫助用戶將其行動(dòng)的因果關(guān)系(自動(dòng)存款)與可能的未來(lái)結(jié)果(船)聯(lián)系起來(lái)。 使這些關(guān)系具體化可以幫助人們掌握復(fù)雜概念(如指數(shù)增長(zhǎng))的影響，并激勵(lì)用戶節(jié)省更多( src ， src )。 2015年的另一項(xiàng)研究表明，強(qiáng)調(diào)儲(chǔ)蓄目標(biāo)與儲(chǔ)蓄預(yù)測(cè)之間的差異有助于參與者利用the 賦效應(yīng)發(fā)揮其優(yōu)勢(shì)( src )，從而做出更好的決策。

Finally, the Goal Forecaster helps set realistic expectations. Realistic expectations about future goals make us more likely to achieve them (src). Presenting the projected savings in a fan-chart helps reinforce the message that there’s uncertainty in any financial journey, while still conveying the benefits of investing over the long term.

最后，目標(biāo)預(yù)測(cè)器可幫助設(shè)定切合實(shí)際的期望。 對(duì)未來(lái)目標(biāo)的現(xiàn)實(shí)期望使我們更有可能實(shí)現(xiàn)這些目標(biāo)( src )。 在扇形圖中顯示預(yù)計(jì)的節(jié)省額有助于進(jìn)一步增強(qiáng)信息，即任何財(cái)務(wù)旅程都存在不確定性，同時(shí)仍可以傳達(dá)長(zhǎng)期投資的好處。

超級(jí)大國(guó)： (Superpower:)

Dan says, consider “showing not telling: “If you let people simulate their outcomes — if you let them experience parallel universes — that is more effective in getting them to understand what’s going to happen than if you describe it. Allowing people to really experience it and see the variations allows them to internalize it as real.”

丹說(shuō)，請(qǐng)考慮“不要說(shuō)： ”如果讓人們模擬他們的結(jié)果-如果讓他們體驗(yàn)平行的宇宙-相對(duì)于描述它，它更能使他們了解即將發(fā)生的事情。 讓人們真正體驗(yàn)它并看到其變化，就可以將其內(nèi)部化為真實(shí)。”

帶走： (Takeaway:)

For Betterment, letting users look ahead is informational and motivational. Simulating short term actions playing out over the long term helps educate users about difficult-to-imagine cause and effect relationships, giving them the confidence to make smarter choices. Having realistic expectations about the future helps users prepare themselves for a long journey.

為了改善，讓用戶放眼未來(lái)是信息和激勵(lì)。 模擬長(zhǎng)期的短期行為可以幫助用戶了解難以想象的因果關(guān)系，使他們有信心做出更明智的選擇。 對(duì)未來(lái)抱有切合實(shí)際的期望，可以幫助用戶為漫長(zhǎng)的旅途做好準(zhǔn)備。

Two screenshots of Jawbone UP’s activity graphs. The graph on the left shows a user who has not met their 10,000 step goal. The graph on the right shows a user who has exceeded their goal.Jawbone UP的活動(dòng)圖的兩個(gè)屏幕截圖。 左圖顯示了未達(dá)到其10,000步目標(biāo)的用戶。 右圖顯示了超出目標(biāo)的用戶。

可視化健身活動(dòng) (Visualizing Fitness Activity)

Tracking physical activity helps many people stay active (src). The challenge is maintaining users’ attention and getting them to stick with the intervention. In this context, visualization can be a tool for both conveying data and rewarding users for collecting the data in the first place.

跟蹤身體活動(dòng)有助于許多人保持活躍( src )。 挑戰(zhàn)在于保持用戶的注意力并使他們堅(jiān)持干預(yù)。 在這種情況下，可視化可以既是傳達(dá)數(shù)據(jù)又是獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)用戶收集數(shù)據(jù)的工具。

顎骨向上 (Jawbone UP)

Jawbone’s UP app (circa ~2012) was one of my favorite examples of this. In the screenshots above, there are two bar charts of users’ step counts. For most of the day, you’re seeing a chart like the left, but by the end of the day, once you’ve crossed your goal threshold (e.g. 10,000 steps), the background explodes into a happy sunburst, helping you celebrate the accomplishment!

Jawbone的UP應(yīng)用程序(大約2012年)是我最喜歡的示例之一。 在上面的屏幕截圖中，有兩個(gè)用戶步數(shù)的條形圖。 在一天的大部分時(shí)間里，您會(huì)看到如左圖所示的圖表，但是到一天結(jié)束時(shí)，一旦您越過(guò)了目標(biāo)閾值(例如10,000步)，背景就會(huì)爆炸成快樂(lè)的朝陽(yáng)狀態(tài)，從而幫助您慶祝成就！

With wanton disregard for data-ink ratios, Jawbone’s designers were masters at conjuring up visual joy. The effect was users who felt supported and encouraged to keep hitting their goals (and, implicitly, to continue tracking and interacting with the data).

Jawbone的設(shè)計(jì)師無(wú)視數(shù)據(jù)墨水比率，因此他們?cè)趩酒鹨曈X(jué)愉悅方面是大師。 結(jié)果是用戶感到支持并鼓勵(lì)他們繼續(xù)實(shí)現(xiàn)他們的目標(biāo)(并隱式地繼續(xù)跟蹤數(shù)據(jù)并與之交互)。

Examples of notch.me visualizations based on users’ fitness tracking activity. Top-left shows a template comparing user distance traveled to stacked Danny Devitos. Top-right, from 2012, compares a user’s running activity to then-presidential-candidate Mitt Romney’s exercise regime. Bottom-left shows user steps for a year as density of tiny feet accumulating inside a larger foot. Bottom-right shows user’s typical activity levels per weekday as a stream graph.基于用戶的健身跟蹤活動(dòng)的notch.me可視化示例。 左上方顯示了一個(gè)模板，該模板比較了與堆積的Danny Devitos的用戶距離。 右上角(從2012年開始)將用戶的跑步活動(dòng)與當(dāng)時(shí)的總統(tǒng)候選人米特·羅姆尼(Mitt Romney)的鍛煉方式進(jìn)行了比較。 左下圖顯示了一年中用戶的步伐，即小腳的密度在大腳內(nèi)累積。 右下角以流圖顯示用戶平日的典型活動(dòng)水平。

Notch.me (Notch.me)

With Notch.me, we did similar work using emailed “postcard visualizations” to heighten user’s sense of accomplishment at various milestones (and create a sense of anticipation for future milestones). The data was sourced from user’s personal activity tracking (e.g. via Fitbit) and presented back to users in various encouraging visualizations like the ones above.

使用Notch.me，我們使用電子郵件發(fā)送的“明信片可視化”來(lái)完成類似的工作，以增強(qiáng)用戶在各個(gè)里程碑的成就感(并為將來(lái)的里程碑創(chuàng)建一種期待感)。 數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)自用戶的個(gè)人活動(dòng)跟蹤(例如，通過(guò)Fitbit)，并通過(guò)各種令人鼓舞的可視化形式(如上圖所示)呈現(xiàn)給用戶。

The two top postcards above, use visual metaphor to compare a user’s activity to something unexpected and silly; they’re extremely low data-density, but still quite effective in directing recipients’ attention toward their data.

上方的兩張最上面的明信片使用視覺(jué)隱喻將用戶的活動(dòng)與意外和愚蠢的事物進(jìn)行比較； 它們的數(shù)據(jù)密度極低，但在將收件人的注意力引向其數(shù)據(jù)方面仍然非常有效。

The two bottom postcards show users’ activity for a set time period (left: 1 year, right: 1 week); this encouraged users to track more consistently during those periods in anticipation of a more elaborate, pleasant visualization (the more you track, the cooler it looks).

底部的兩個(gè)明信片顯示了用戶在設(shè)定時(shí)間段內(nèi)的活動(dòng)(左：1年，右：1周)； 這鼓勵(lì)用戶在那些時(shí)期內(nèi)更一致地進(jìn)行跟蹤，以期獲得更加精致，令人愉悅的可視化效果(跟蹤的次數(shù)越多，外觀越酷)。

In various experiments, visualizations like the above captured user attention and boosted engagement with the data. And, as you might expect from “sugary,” chart-junky visualizations, users loved them.

在各種實(shí)驗(yàn)中，像上面這樣的可視化吸引了用戶的注意并增強(qiáng)了對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)的參與。 而且，正如您可能從“雜亂無(wú)章”的圖表式可視化中期望的那樣，用戶喜歡它們。

超級(jí)大國(guó)： (Superpowers:)

Remember Nigel Holmes and the power of humor (src): “My feeling then, and now, is that humor is a good way to get people’s attention. Get a reader to smile or recognize a visual reference and they’ll surely read on.”

記得奈杰爾·福爾摩斯(Nigel Holmes)和幽默的力量( src )：“我當(dāng)時(shí)和現(xiàn)在的感覺(jué)是，幽默是引起人們關(guān)注的好方法。 讓讀者微笑或識(shí)別視覺(jué)參考，他們一定會(huì)繼續(xù)閱讀。”

In addition to capturing attention, Holmes’ style of visualization has also been shown to increase the memorability of the content (src). Perhaps an overlooked aspect of Holmesian visualizations is that they feel good. This is powerful in its own way: Positive feedback and positive affect (emotion) is important for helping people make positive changes.

除了吸引注意力之外，霍姆斯的可視化樣式還被證明可以增加內(nèi)容( src )的可記憶性。 Holmesian可視化的一個(gè)可能被忽視的方面是它們感覺(jué)良好。 這有其自身的強(qiáng)大功能：積極的反饋和積極的情感(情感)對(duì)于幫助人們做出積極的改變很重要。

帶走： (Takeaway:)

For information to make a difference, it has to be seen. Humor, visual metaphor and even pleasant visual flourishes not only serve to draw users’ attention, but they’re also emotionally and viscerally rewarding methods to reinforce engagement with the data. For Jawbone’s visual flourishes and, pretty much everything with Notch.me, the goal for each visualization was as much about information as it was affirmation.

為了使信息有所作為，必須看到它。 幽默，視覺(jué)隱喻甚至愉悅的視覺(jué)效果不僅可以吸引用戶的注意力，而且在情感上和內(nèi)在上都是獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)與數(shù)據(jù)互動(dòng)的方法。 對(duì)于Jawbone的視覺(jué)蓬勃發(fā)展以及Notch.me的幾乎所有內(nèi)容而言，每種可視化的目的都與信息有關(guān)，而與信息有關(guān)。

Screenshots of reading activity from Amazon Kindle’s “Reading Insights” tool. The left chart shows books I’ve read to my oblivious 3-month-old daughter. The chart in the middle shows # of days I’ve read with the Kindle. The charts on the right show reading activity “streaks.”Amazon Kindle的“ Reading Insights”工具中閱讀活動(dòng)的屏幕截圖。 左圖顯示了我讀給默默無(wú)聞的3個(gè)月大女兒的書。 中間的圖表顯示了我在Kindle上閱讀的天數(shù)。 右圖顯示閱讀活動(dòng)“條紋”。

可視化閱讀活動(dòng) (Visualizing Reading Activities)

Kindle’s “Reading Insights” is a relatively new addition to the Kindle iOS / Android apps. I think there’s a lot to praise with this. Reading is another of life’s many activities that, despite wanting to do more of it, we struggle to make it happen as often as we’d like. So offering users a way to track and reflect on their reading could see a meaningful increase in time spent reading.

Kindle的“ Reading Insights”是Kindle iOS / Android應(yīng)用程序的一個(gè)相對(duì)較新的功能。 我認(rèn)為這值得贊揚(yáng)。 閱讀是生活中許多活動(dòng)中的另一項(xiàng)，盡管它想做更多事情，但我們努力使它盡可能多地發(fā)生。 因此，為用戶提供一種跟蹤和反思其閱讀方式的方法可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致閱讀時(shí)間的顯著增加。

I think it’s also emotionally satisfying. In the same way, a physical bookshelf is like a trophy case for nerds, seeing the books you’ve read front and center feels good. Like stickers, it’s a visual representation of your accomplishments that you can feel proud of.

我認(rèn)為這在情感上也令人滿意。 同樣，實(shí)體書架就像書呆子的獎(jiǎng)杯盒一樣，看到您在書架正面和中央閱讀的書感覺(jué)很好。 就像貼紙一樣，它是成就感的直觀體現(xiàn)，令人感到驕傲。

The downside, and this is true of many similar visualizations, is it gives Amazon a justification for even further surveillance (src). This serves as an important reminder that, with this new frontier of data there are ways that it can be legitimately useful to end-users, but that’s not without tradeoffs. As makers and designers, we should keep the ethics of personal data use top of mind. (As a silver lining, thanks to CCPA, you can now request all of Amazon’s data on your reading habits to visualize for yourself!)

不利的一面(在許多類似的可視化中都是如此)是，它為亞馬遜提供了進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步監(jiān)視( src )的理由。 這是一個(gè)重要的提醒，在這種新的數(shù)據(jù)領(lǐng)域中，有一些方法可以對(duì)最終用戶合法有用，但這并非沒(méi)有取舍。 作為制造商和設(shè)計(jì)師，我們應(yīng)該牢記個(gè)人數(shù)據(jù)使用的道德規(guī)范。 (作為一線希望，多虧了CCPA ，您現(xiàn)在可以根據(jù)自己的閱讀習(xí)慣要求獲取Amazon的所有數(shù)據(jù)，以便自己查看！)

帶走： (Takeaway:)

Visualizing user data creates exciting opportunities for both users and designers, but it also brings new responsibilities. For every thoughtful blood-glucose visualization attempting to empower users, there’s an Uber out there using behavioral data to manipulate. As we rightly question the role of data and algorithms in a just world, we shouldn’t forget that visualizations, like any non-neutral technology, can be used for harm and for good.

可視化用戶數(shù)據(jù)為用戶和設(shè)計(jì)人員都帶來(lái)了令人興奮的機(jī)遇，但同時(shí)也帶來(lái)了新的責(zé)任。 對(duì)于每一次試圖增強(qiáng)用戶可視化的血糖可視化嘗試，都有一個(gè)Uber 使用行為數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行操作 。 當(dāng)我們正確地質(zhì)疑數(shù)據(jù)和算法在公正世界中的作用時(shí)，我們不應(yīng)忘記，可視化像任何非中立技術(shù)一樣，可以帶來(lái)傷害和好處。

外賣 (Takeaways)

• Epic, John Snow-eque, Pulitzer-worthy dataviz is amazing, but dataviz can also be impactful in everyday use. This seems worth celebrating.

  史詩(shī)般的約翰·斯諾克(Epic)，普利策(Pulitzer)值得一看的dataviz 令人驚嘆，但是dataviz在日常使用中也會(huì)產(chǎn)生影響。 這似乎值得慶祝。

• Instead of revealing the secrets of the universe, motivational visualization is about offering lenses on a subject that users are already intimately familiar with: themselves.
  動(dòng)機(jī)可視化不是揭示宇宙的秘密，而是提供用戶已經(jīng)非常熟悉的主題鏡頭：自己。
• While the medium is the same, design goals for “motivational visualization” differ from traditional dataviz. Instead of singular dedication to information gain and/or impacting big decisions, user-data visualizations tend to benefit everyday behaviors and micro-decisions.
  盡管媒介是相同的，但“動(dòng)機(jī)可視化”的設(shè)計(jì)目標(biāo)卻不同于傳統(tǒng)的數(shù)據(jù)可視化。 用戶數(shù)據(jù)可視化不是單單致力于獲取信息和/或影響重大決策，而是傾向于使日常行為和微觀決策受益。
• Motivational viz can help in a variety of ways (e.g. encouraging adoption of social initiatives, managing health conditions, helping people persevere toward long-term goals or developing new habits, etc). As the field evolves we should keep our eyes peeled for emerging tactics and new opportunities to apply them (while keeping vigilant against anti-patterns and dark-patterns that may emerge as well).
  動(dòng)機(jī)性視覺(jué)可以多種方式提供幫助(例如，鼓勵(lì)采取社會(huì)措施，管理健康狀況，幫助人們堅(jiān)持長(zhǎng)期目標(biāo)或養(yǎng)成新習(xí)慣等)。 隨著領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展，我們應(yīng)該對(duì)新興的策略和應(yīng)用這些策略的新機(jī)會(huì)保持警惕(同時(shí)還要警惕可能出現(xiàn)的反模式和暗模式)。

• If you’re a dashboard designer, product designer or anyone else helping visualize user data, you’ve got superpowers to inform and inspire.

  如果您是儀表板設(shè)計(jì)師，產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)師或任何其他幫助可視化用戶數(shù)據(jù)的人員，那么您將擁有超能力來(lái)提供信息和啟發(fā)。

You can follow the TLDR thread here on Twitter!

您可以在Twitter上關(guān)注TLDR線程！

Who am I? No, no, who are you?!

我是誰(shuí)？ 不，不，你是誰(shuí)？

Hi! I’m Eli Holder. I help clients use data to create positive change by engaging audiences not just rationally, but also emotionally and culturally. Change happens in the head and the heart.

嗨！ 我是Eli Holder。 我?guī)椭蛻舨粌H通過(guò)理性地而且在情感上和文化上吸引受眾，從而利用數(shù)據(jù)創(chuàng)造積極的變化。 變化發(fā)生在頭部和心臟。

If you’re a founder, maker, storyteller or business leader working at the intersection of data, design and user psychology, I’d love to connect and trade stories.

如果您是在數(shù)據(jù)，設(shè)計(jì)和用戶心理的交匯處工作的創(chuàng)始人，制造商，講故事者或業(yè)務(wù)負(fù)責(zé)人，那么我很想聯(lián)系和交易故事。

You can email me at hi@elih.co or follow me on Twitter.

您可以通過(guò)hi@elih.co給我發(fā)送電子郵件，或者在Twitter上關(guān)注我。

翻譯自: https://medium.com/nightingale/visualizing-users-impacts-superpowers-14c6b5698c0a

數(shù)據(jù)可視化 信息可視化

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