區(qū)塊鏈去中心化分布式

by Arthur Camara

通過亞瑟·卡馬拉(Arthur Camara)

為什么漸進(jìn)式去中心化是區(qū)塊鏈的最大希望 (Why Progressive Decentralization is blockchain’s best hope)

不變性是區(qū)塊鏈的最大優(yōu)勢(shì)和最大障礙。 逐步分權(quán)可能是答案。 (Immutability is blockchain’s greatest strength and biggest barrier. Progressive decentralization could be the answer.)

When we released CryptoKitties a year ago, we opted not to fund it up front with an ICO but instead build it on a sustainable revenue model. That model is this: we collect a fee of 3.75% from every transaction in the game. Given that we’d be unable to change the fee once we launched — CryptoKitties is built on the Ethereum blockchain — people often ask how we arrived at that number.

一年前，當(dāng)我們發(fā)布CryptoKitties時(shí) ，我們選擇不通過ICO 預(yù)先為其提供資金，而是選擇以可持續(xù)的收入模型為基礎(chǔ)。 這種模式是這樣的：我們從游戲中的每筆交易中收取3.75％的費(fèi)用。 鑒于一旦啟動(dòng)我們便無法更改費(fèi)用-CryptoKitties建立在以太坊區(qū)塊鏈上-人們經(jīng)常問我們?nèi)绾蔚贸鲈摂?shù)字。

It sounds like a smart, well-reasoned choice. I could spin a compelling story about how we ran simulations with advanced prediction models to find the fee that would yield optimal returns.

這聽起來像是明智的選擇。 我可以講一個(gè)引人入勝的故事，說明我們?nèi)绾问褂酶呒?jí)預(yù)測(cè)模型運(yùn)行模擬，以找到可以產(chǎn)生最佳回報(bào)的費(fèi)用。

But that’s not true.

但這不是事實(shí)。

The truth is we made an educated guess. We picked a number that felt fair and we committed to it.

事實(shí)是我們做出了有根據(jù)的猜測(cè)。 我們選擇了一個(gè)公平的數(shù)字，并致力于這一工作。

不變性真棒又可怕 (Immutability is awesome and scary)

We easily could have chosen wrong, and since you can’t change something once you add it to the blockchain, that would have been cat-astrophic. Fortunately for CryptoKitties, our community is so passionate and the Kitties are so adorable that 3.75% worked just fine.

我們很容易選擇了錯(cuò)誤，并且由于一旦將某些內(nèi)容添加到區(qū)塊鏈中就無法更改，那將是災(zāi)難性的 。 幸運(yùn)的是，對(duì)于CryptoKitties，我們的社區(qū)充滿熱情，而Kitties非?？蓯?#xff0c;以3.75％的表現(xiàn)不錯(cuò)。

Immutability, the inability to be edited, is at once the blockchain’s greatest strength and its largest barrier to meaningful adoption. The pressures of immortal code paralyze developers: you can tinker in a test environment forever, but there will always be real-world variables you can’t anticipate. Covering your eyes and hitting launch is no way to make breakthroughs. It’s more likely to produce breakdowns.

不變性，即無法編輯，是區(qū)塊鏈的最大優(yōu)勢(shì)，也是實(shí)現(xiàn)有意義采用的最大障礙。 永生代碼的壓力使開發(fā)人員陷于癱瘓：您可以永遠(yuǎn)在測(cè)試環(huán)境中進(jìn)行修補(bǔ)，但是總會(huì)有一些您無法預(yù)期的實(shí)際變量。 遮住眼睛并擊中發(fā)射臺(tái)是無法取得突破的。 產(chǎn)生故障的可能性更大。

Our fee was just one decision among many: how long should breeding a Kitty take? At what rate should their breeding cooldowns slow? How much should a Gen 0 cat cost? On blockchain, even a seemingly minor choice can pose serious, even critical, consequences.

我們的費(fèi)用只是眾多決定中的一個(gè)：繁殖一只小貓要花多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間？ 他們的繁殖冷卻應(yīng)該以多大的速度減慢？ Gen 0貓要花多少錢？ 在區(qū)塊鏈上，即使是看似微小的選擇也可能造成嚴(yán)重甚至嚴(yán)重的后果。

Decentralization offers everyday people immense benefits: the fairness of permanent and universal rules and the transparency of code and behavior which, combined, create security. However, because it’s often implemented with all-or-nothing immutability, blockchain makes agile development impossible and slows teams to a crawl.

分權(quán)為每天的人們帶來了巨大的好處：永久性和普遍性規(guī)則的公平性以及代碼和行為的透明性，共同創(chuàng)造了安全性。 但是，由于通常使用全有或全無的不可變性來實(shí)現(xiàn)，因此區(qū)塊鏈?zhǔn)姑艚蓍_發(fā)變得不可能，并拖慢了團(tuán)隊(duì)的爬行速度。

Agility requires iteration. Iterating quickly is key to building the best products, and the best products spark mass adoption.

敏捷性需要迭代。 快速迭代是構(gòu)建最佳產(chǎn)品的關(guān)鍵，并且最佳產(chǎn)品可以激發(fā)大量采用。

進(jìn)入漸進(jìn)式權(quán)力下放 (Enter Progressive Decentralization)

We encountered these barriers ourselves building CryptoKitties, which forced us to negotiate including decentralized features while building something that, ya know, works. Since then, we’ve started exploring progressive decentralization in development, an idea we briefly introduced a while ago.

我們自己在構(gòu)建CryptoKitties時(shí)遇到了這些障礙，這迫使我們進(jìn)行談判，包括去中心化功能，同時(shí)構(gòu)建了可以使用的東西。 從那時(shí)起，我們就開始探索開發(fā)中的漸進(jìn)式分權(quán)，這是我們不久前簡(jiǎn)要介紹的一個(gè)想法。

Let’s take a deeper dive now.

現(xiàn)在讓我們更深入地潛水。

Simply put, progressive decentralization advocates easing into decentralization in stages rather than diving in headfirst. What that looks like is building mechanisms into smart contracts that confer special powers to the creators up front, then incrementally lock those powers away in a transparent and systematic way.

簡(jiǎn)而言之，漸進(jìn)式分權(quán)提倡分階段放松分權(quán)，而不是先潛水。 看起來是在智能合約中建立機(jī)制，這些機(jī)制預(yù)先向創(chuàng)建者授予特殊權(quán)力，然后以透明，系統(tǒng)的方式逐步鎖定這些權(quán)力。

The critical condition is that the locking mechanisms must be public and immutable from the start. The creator can’t decide to tweak the terms later and indefinitely extend their power. That balance is vital: done correctly, progressive decentralization allows creators the flexibility to repair their code without compromising the decentralized features of the contract.

關(guān)鍵條件是，鎖定機(jī)制從一開始就必須是公開的且不可更改。 創(chuàng)建者無法決定稍后調(diào)整條款并無限期地?cái)U(kuò)展其權(quán)力。 這種平衡是至關(guān)重要的：正確地進(jìn)行漸進(jìn)式去中心化可以使創(chuàng)建者靈活地修復(fù)其代碼，而不會(huì)損害合同的去中心化功能。

漸進(jìn)式分權(quán)可以采取多種形式 (Progressive decentralization can take many forms)

There’s no one right way to implement progressive decentralization. There are dozens of variables to consider, and the best approach will vary from project to project.

沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)逐步分權(quán)的正確方法。 有數(shù)十個(gè)變量需要考慮，最佳方法因項(xiàng)目而異。

Here are a couple ways developers could approach progressive decentralization:

開發(fā)人員可以采用以下幾種方式逐步進(jìn)行權(quán)力下放：

Author multiple contracts with appropriate separation of concerns and the ability to replace some of those contracts. Some decentralized apps (“dapps”) like Decentraland, which features upgradable contracts, are already using this.

編寫多個(gè)合同，并適當(dāng)分離關(guān)注點(diǎn)，并具有替換其中一些合同的能力。 一些分散的應(yīng)用程序(“dapps”)像Decentraland ，其特點(diǎn)可升級(jí)的合同，已經(jīng)在使用此。

Configurable variables and permissions to change those values independently. Etheremon, for instance, grants special permissions to groups of users who become moderators.

可配置變量和權(quán)限，可以獨(dú)立更改這些值。 例如， Etheremon向成為主持人的用戶組授予特殊權(quán)限 。

Incorporate a predefined set of ascending levels in the contract, each allowing the creators certain capabilities. The levels can only be increased, never decreased, so backtracking isn’t an option. On level 1, for example, the contract owners can play around with all gameplay variables. At level 2, their capability to modify core variables ends. At the final level, the contract revokes all their special privileges.

在合同中包含一組預(yù)定義的升序級(jí)別，每個(gè)級(jí)別都允許創(chuàng)建者某些功能。 只能增加級(jí)別，而不能減少級(jí)別，因此不能選擇回溯。 例如，在級(jí)別1上，合同所有者可以使用所有游戲變量。 在級(jí)別2，他們修改核心變量的能力結(jié)束。 在最后一級(jí)，合同撤銷其所有特殊特權(quán)。

To die-hard decentralists, some of this probably sounds too centralized. But this is just the starting point. There are further measures to balance decentralization with iteration. The solution combines transparency of the purpose and the conditions and constraints in the contracts. These constraints could include:

對(duì)于頑固的權(quán)力下放者來說，其中有些聽起來太集中了。 但這僅僅是起點(diǎn)。 還有其他措施可以在分散與迭代之間取得平衡。 該解決方案結(jié)合了目標(biāo)的透明性以及合同中的條件和約束。 這些限制可能包括：

Selection: Not everything can be modified, only the specific items that we need to iterate.

選擇：并非所有內(nèi)容都可以修改，只有我們需要迭代的特定項(xiàng)目可以修改。

Range: For many of the questions around game economies, we may have a general idea but not know the precise answer. Limiting configuration to a certain range guarantees users that the iteration will land within a reasonable scope.

范圍：對(duì)于許多有關(guān)游戲經(jīng)濟(jì)性的問題，我們可能有一個(gè)總體思路，但不知道確切的答案。 將配置限制在一定范圍內(nèi)可確保用戶迭代將落在合理范圍內(nèi)。

Direction: Similar to the “l(fā)evels” concept above, allow certain variables to move only in one direction, decreasing or increasing but never backtracking.

方向：類似于上面的“級(jí)別”概念，允許某些變量?jī)H在一個(gè)方向上移動(dòng)，減小或增大，但永不回溯。

追究創(chuàng)作者的責(zé)任 (Holding creators accountable)

All this sounds great in theory. But how do we ensure creators stay true to their roadmap and reach the fully decentralized version of their contracts? How can users opt-in early with the guarantee that the system is an application of progressive decentralization? How can we know we won’t end up with just another flawed, centralized system?

從理論上講，所有這些聽起來都很不錯(cuò)。 但是，我們?nèi)绾未_保創(chuàng)作者忠于自己的路線圖并達(dá)成合同的完全去中心化版本？ 用戶如何在保證系統(tǒng)是漸進(jìn)式分散化應(yīng)用的前提下盡早選擇加入？ 我們?cè)趺粗牢覀儾粫?huì)僅僅擁有另一個(gè)有缺陷的集中式系統(tǒng)？

Progressive decentralization includes tenets to keep creators accountable:

漸進(jìn)式權(quán)力下放包括旨在使創(chuàng)作者負(fù)責(zé)的原則：

基于時(shí)間或基于塊的成熟度 (Time- or block-based maturity)

Lock certain configuration values, revoke the owner’s capabilities or move to the next level of maturity past a certain time or block number. Once that point is reached, the contract automatically changes.

鎖定某些配置值，撤消所有者的功能或在特定時(shí)間或塊編號(hào)之后移至下一個(gè)成熟度級(jí)別。 一旦達(dá)到這一點(diǎn)，合同就會(huì)自動(dòng)更改。

Imagine, for example, that CryptoKitties had a runway of 360,000 blocks (around 60 days’ time) from the moment it launched to adjust the Kitties’ breeding cooldown variables. We could tweak the cooldown mechanics until that point, giving ourselves the breathing room to perfect the balance, while still guaranteeing players that we wouldn’t have that power indefinitely.

例如，想象一下，自從CryptoKitties推出以調(diào)整Kitty繁殖冷卻時(shí)間變量的那一刻起，它就擁有360,000個(gè)區(qū)塊(大約60天的時(shí)間)。 在此之前，我們可以調(diào)整冷卻機(jī)制，為自己提供喘息的空間，以達(dá)到完美的平衡，同時(shí)仍向玩家保證我們不會(huì)無限期地?fù)碛羞@種力量。

基于使用情況的成熟度 (Usage-based maturity)

Lock those capabilities once a certain number of users or transactions are completed. This option needs to be carefully thought out to avoid exploits, but we could have, for example, built configurable fees into CryptoKitties that would lock in after 10,000 transactions.

一旦一定數(shù)量的用戶或交易完成，就鎖定這些功能。 需要仔細(xì)考慮此選項(xiàng)，以免受到攻擊，但是例如，我們可以在CryptoKitties中內(nèi)置可配置的費(fèi)用，該費(fèi)用將在10,000次交易后鎖定。

經(jīng)濟(jì)激勵(lì) (Economic incentive)

Align the creator’s incentives with increased decentralization. In this scenario, the creators profit more when the contract becomes more decentralized. Perhaps the fee rises with each level the developer ascends, locking in at the maximum fee when they reach full decentralization. Or, alternatively, perhaps they make no money at all until full decentralization is in place. This financial reward motivates the developer to reach decentralization at a reasonable pace.

使創(chuàng)作者的激勵(lì)與權(quán)力下放更加協(xié)調(diào)。 在這種情況下，當(dāng)合同變得更加分散時(shí)，創(chuàng)建者會(huì)獲利更多。 費(fèi)用可能會(huì)隨著開發(fā)人員的提升而上升，并在完全下放時(shí)鎖定在最高費(fèi)用上。 或者，或者，在完全放權(quán)之前，他們根本不賺錢。 這種經(jīng)濟(jì)上的激勵(lì)促使開發(fā)商以合理的步伐實(shí)現(xiàn)權(quán)力下放。

沒有在區(qū)塊鏈上構(gòu)建的最佳方法 (There’s no best approach to building on the blockchain)

“Progressive decentralization” is really an umbrella encompassing many strategies, mechanisms, and tools to make building on the blockchain more viable. The best way to apply progressive decentralization will always depend on the project and use a mix of the concepts outlined above.

“漸進(jìn)式去中心化”實(shí)際上是一個(gè)涵蓋許多策略，機(jī)制和工具的保護(hù)傘，以使在區(qū)塊鏈上的構(gòu)建更加可行。 進(jìn)行漸進(jìn)式權(quán)力下放的最佳方法將始終取決于項(xiàng)目并使用上述概念的混合。

Progressive decentralization is not perfect. The ideal smart contract is simple and straightforward, and these measures add complexity. How and how much to incorporate it is a trade-off that needs to be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.

漸進(jìn)式權(quán)力下放并不完美。 理想的智能合約簡(jiǎn)單明了，這些措施增加了復(fù)雜性。 合并的方式和程度是一個(gè)折衷方案，需要根據(jù)具體情況進(jìn)行評(píng)估。

Although it may anger hardline decentralists, we believe progressive decentralization is far better for users in the long run: by giving developers the flexibility to adjust, the consumer gets a more useful product. That means they’ll actually use it, and once it brings value to their lives, they’ll sing its praises to the people around them. That’s how mass adoption starts.

盡管這可能激怒強(qiáng)硬的權(quán)力下放者，但從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來看，我們認(rèn)為漸進(jìn)式權(quán)力下放對(duì)用戶而言要好得多：通過為開發(fā)人員提供調(diào)整的靈活性，消費(fèi)者可以獲得更有用的產(chǎn)品。 這意味著他們將實(shí)際使用它，一旦它為生活帶來了價(jià)值，他們就會(huì)向周圍的人表示贊賞。 這就是開始大規(guī)模采用的方式。

Authors: Arthur Camara, Dieter Shirley, and Grady Mitchell

作者： 亞瑟·卡瑪拉 ( Arthur Camara) ， Dieter Shirley和Grady Mitchell

翻譯自: https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/why-progressive-decentralization-is-blockchains-best-hope-31a497f2673b/

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