參數(shù)

說明

簡解

-b,--number-nonblank

number nonempty output lines

非空輸出行編號(hào)

-n,--number

number all outputnlines

所有行輸出編號(hào)

參數(shù)

說明

簡解

-L

force symbolic links to be followed

?

-P

use the physical directory structure without following symbolic

?

-

?

?

參數(shù)

說明

簡解

-m, --mode

set file mode (as in chmod), not a=rwx - umask

設(shè)定權(quán)限<模式>（類似chmod），而不是rwxrwxrwx減umask

-p, --parents

no error if existing, make parent directories as needed

遞歸創(chuàng)建目錄

-v, --verbose

print a message for each created directory

每次創(chuàng)建新目錄都顯示信息

-Z

set the SELinux security context of each created directory to CTX

?

參數(shù)

說明

簡解

-a, --all

do not ignore entries starting with.

列出目錄下的所有文件

-A, --almost-all

do not list implied.and ..

同-a，但不列出“.”(表示當(dāng)前目錄)和“..”(表示當(dāng)前目錄的父目錄)

-b, --escape

print octal escapes for nongraphic characters

把文件名中不可輸出的字符用反斜杠加字符編號(hào)的形式列出

-B, --ignore-backups

do not list implied entries ending with ~

不輸出以“~”結(jié)尾的備份文件

-c

sort by ctime

配合-lt；根據(jù)ctime排序及顯示ctime(文件狀態(tài)最后更改的時(shí)間)配合-l：顯示ctime但根據(jù)名稱排序否則：根據(jù)ctime排序

-C

list entries by clumns

每欄由上至下列出項(xiàng)目

-d, --directory

list directory entries instead of contentsm,and do not dereference symbolic links

將目錄象文件一樣顯示，而不是顯示其下的文件

-D, --dired

generate output designed for Emacs’?dired mode

產(chǎn)生適合Emacs的dired模式使用的結(jié)果

-f

do not sort,enable -aU,disable -ls --color

對輸出的文件不進(jìn)行排序，-aU選項(xiàng)生效，-1st選項(xiàng)失效

-F --classify

append indicator(one of */=>@|)to entries

在每個(gè)文件名后附上一個(gè)字符以說明該文件的類型，“*”表示可執(zhí)行的普通
文件；“/”表示目錄；“@”表示符號(hào)鏈接；“|”表示FIFOs；“=”表示套
接字(sockets)

-g

like -l,but do not list owner

類似-l，但不列出所有者

-h, --human-readable

with -l,print sizes in human readable format

以容易理解的格式列出文件大小

-H, --dereference-command-line

follow symbolic links listed on the command line

使用命令列中的符號(hào)鏈接指示的真正目的地

-i, --inode

print the index number of each file

打印出每個(gè)文件的inode號(hào)

-I,--ignore=PATTERN

do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN

不打印出任何符合shell萬用字符<樣式>的項(xiàng)目

-k

like --block-size=1K

以k字節(jié)的形式表示文件的大小

-l

use a long listing format

除了文件名之外，還將文件的權(quán)限、所有者、文件大小等信息詳細(xì)列出來

-L,--dereference

when showing file information for a symbolic link,show information for the file the link references rather than for the link itself

當(dāng)顯示符號(hào)鏈接的文件信息時(shí)，顯示符號(hào)鏈接所指示的對象而并非符號(hào)鏈接本身的信息。

-m

fill width with a comma separated list of entries

所有項(xiàng)目以逗號(hào)分隔，并填滿整行行寬

-n, --numeric-uid-gid

like -l,but list numeric user and group IDs

用數(shù)字的UID，GID代替名稱

-N, --literal

print raw entry names

不限制文件長度

-o

like -l,but do not list group information

類似-l，顯示文件的除組信息外的詳細(xì)信息

-p, --indicator-style=slash

append / indicator to directories

對目錄添加“/”符號(hào)

-q, --hide-control-chars

print ? instead of non graphic characters

用？號(hào)代替不可輸出的字符

-Q, --quote-name

enclose entry names in double quotes

把輸出的文件名用雙引號(hào)括起來

-r, --reverse

reverse order while sorting

依相反次序排列

-R, --recursive

list subdirectories recursively

同時(shí)列出所有子目錄層

-s, --size

print the allocated size of each file,in blocks

以塊大小為單位列出所有文件的大小

-S

sort by file size

根據(jù)文件大小排序

-t

sort by modification time

以文件修改時(shí)間排序

-T, --tabsize=COLS

assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8

?

-u

with -lt: sort by, and show, access time with

-l:show access time and sort by name

otherwise: sort by access time

配合-lt:顯示訪問時(shí)間而且依訪問時(shí)間排序

配合-l：顯示訪問時(shí)間但根據(jù)名稱排序

其他：根據(jù)訪問時(shí)間排序

-U

do not sort; list entries in directory order

不進(jìn)行排序；依文件系統(tǒng)原有的次序列出項(xiàng)目

-v

natural sort of (version) numbers within text

根據(jù)版本進(jìn)行排序

-w, --width=COLS

assume screen width instead of current value

自行指定屏幕寬度而不使用目前的數(shù)值

-x

list entries by lines instead of by columns

逐行列出項(xiàng)目而不是逐欄列出

-X

sort alphabetically by entry extension

根據(jù)擴(kuò)展名排序

-1

list one file per line

每行只列出一個(gè)文件

參數(shù)

說明

簡解

-L, --logical

use PWD from environment,even if it contains symlinks

當(dāng)目錄為鏈接路徑時(shí)，顯示鏈接路徑

-P, --physical

avoid all symlinks

顯示實(shí)際物理路徑，而非使用鏈接

參數(shù)

說明

簡解

-a

change only the access time

只更改存取時(shí)間

-c, --no-create

do not create any files

不新建任何文檔

-d, --date=STRING

parse STRING and use it instead of current time

使用指定的日期時(shí)間，而非現(xiàn)在的時(shí)間

-f

(ignored)

忽略

-h, --no-dereference

affect each symbolic link instead of any referenced file (useful only on systems

that can change the timestamps of a symlink)

會(huì)影響符號(hào)鏈接本身，而非符號(hào)鏈接所指示的目的地

-m

change only the modification time

只更改變動(dòng)時(shí)間

-r, --reference=FILE

use this file’s times instead of current time

把指定文檔或目錄的日期時(shí)間，統(tǒng)統(tǒng)設(shè)成和參考文檔或目錄的日期時(shí)間相同

-t STAMP

use [[CC]YY]MMDDhhmm[.ss] instead of current time

使用指定格式的日期時(shí)間，而非當(dāng)前時(shí)間

--time=WORD

change ?the ?specified time: WORD is access, atime, or use: equivalent to -a WORD is modify or mtime: equivalent to -m

使用WORD指定的時(shí)間：access、atime、use都等于-a選項(xiàng)的效果，而modify、mtime等于-m選項(xiàng)的效果

參數(shù)

說明

簡解

-n

do not output the trailing newline

不要在最后自動(dòng)換行

-e

enable interpretation of backslash escapes

若字符串中出現(xiàn)以下字符，則特別加以處理，而不會(huì)將它當(dāng)成一般文字輸出

??\a 發(fā)出警告聲；
?? \b 刪除前一個(gè)字符；
?? \c 最后不加上換行符號(hào)；
?? \f 換行但光標(biāo)仍舊停留在原來的位置；
?? \n 換行且光標(biāo)移至行首；
?? \r 光標(biāo)移至行首，但不換行；
?? \t 插入tab；
?? \v 與\f相同；
?? \\ 插入\字符；
?? \nnn 插入nnn（八進(jìn)制）所代表的ASCII字符；

-E

disable interpretation of backslash escapes (default)

不解釋轉(zhuǎn)意字符

參數(shù)

說明

簡解

?

?

?

參數(shù)

說明

簡解

--backup[=CONTROL]

make a backup of each existing destination file

備份模式：若需覆蓋文件，則覆蓋前先行備份

-b

like --backup but does not accept an argument

若需覆蓋文件，則覆蓋前先行備份。

-f, --force

do not prompt before overwriting

force?強(qiáng)制的意思，如果目標(biāo)文件已經(jīng)存在，不會(huì)詢問而直接覆蓋

-i, --interactive

prompt before overwrite

若目標(biāo)文件?(destination)?已經(jīng)存在時(shí)，就會(huì)詢問是否覆蓋

-n, --no-clobber

do not overwrite an existing file

?

-S, --suffix=SUFFIX

override the usual backup suffix

為備份文件指定后綴，而不使用默認(rèn)的后綴；

-t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY

move all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY

指定mv的目標(biāo)目錄，該選項(xiàng)適用于移動(dòng)多個(gè)源文件到一個(gè)目錄的情況，此時(shí)目標(biāo)目錄在前，源文件在后

-T, --no-target-directory

treat DEST as a normal file

?

-u, --update

move ?only ?when ?the ?SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing

若目標(biāo)文件已經(jīng)存在，且?source?比較新，才會(huì)更新(update)

-v, --verbose

explain what is being done

顯示程序執(zhí)行過程

參數(shù)

說明

簡解

-f, --force

ignore nonexistent files,never prompt

忽略不存在的文件，從不給出提示

-i

prompt before every removal

進(jìn)行交互式刪除

-I

prompt once before removing more than three files, or when removing ?recursively. Less intrusive than -i, while still giving protection against most mistakes

?

-r, -R, --recursive

remove directories and their contents recursively

指示rm將參數(shù)中列出的全部目錄和子目錄均遞歸地刪除

-v, --verbose

explain what is being done

顯示命令執(zhí)行過程

參數(shù)或選項(xiàng)

說明

簡解

-atime n

File was last accessed n*24 hours ago. ?When find figures out ?how ?many ?24-hour periods ?ago ?the ?file ?was last accessed, any fractional part is ignored, so to match -atime +1, a file has to have been accessed at least two days ago.

根據(jù)最后一次的訪問時(shí)間查找文件

-ctime n

File’s status was last changed n*24 hours ago. ?See the comments ?for ?-atime ?to understand how rounding affects the interpretation of file status change times.

根據(jù)最后一次的改變時(shí)間查找文件

-mtime n

File’s data was last modified n*24 hours ago. ?See the ?comments ?for ?-atime ?to understand how rounding affects the interpretation of file modification times.

根據(jù)最后一次的修改時(shí)間查找文件

-type c

File is of type c:

b ?????block (buffered) special

c ?????character (unbuffered) special

d ?????directory

p ?????named pipe (FIFO)

f ?????regular file

l ?????symbolic ?link; ?this is never true if the -L option or the -follow option is in effect, unless the symbolic link is broken. ?If you want ?to ?search for symbolic links when -L is in effect, use -xtype.

s ?????socket

D ?????door (Solaris)

查找某一類型的文件

b ??塊設(shè)備文件

d ??目錄

c ??字符設(shè)備文件

p ??管道文件

l ???符號(hào)鏈接文件

f ??普通文件

s ??socket文件

-name pattern

Base ?of ?file name (the path with the leading directories removed) matches shell pattern pattern. ?The metacharacters (‘*’, ‘?’, and ‘[]’) ?match ?a ?‘.’ ?at ?the start ?of ?the ?base name (this is a change in findutils-4.2.2; see section STAN-DARDS CONFORMANCE below). ?To ignore a directory and ?the ?files ?under ?it, ?use -prune; see an example in the description of -path. ?Braces are not recognised as being special, despite the fact that some shells including Bash imbue braces with a special meaning in shell patterns. ?The filename matching is performed with the use of the fnmatch(3) library function. ??Don’t forget to enclose the pattern ?in quotes in order to protect it from expansion by the shell.

按文件名查找文件

-perm mode

File’s ?permission ?bits ?are ?exactly ?mode (octal or symbolic). ?Since an exact match is required, if you want to use this form for symbolic modes, you may ?have ?to specify a rather complex mode string. ?For example ‘-perm g=w’ will only match files which have mode 0020 (that is, ones for which group write permission is the only permission set). ?It is more likely that you will want to use the ‘/’ or ‘-’ forms, for example ‘-perm -g=w’, which matches any file with group write ?permis- sion. ?See the EXAMPLES section for some illustrative examples.

按照文件權(quán)限來查找文件

-size n[cwbkMG]

File ?uses ?n ?units ?of space. ?The following suffixes can be used:

‘b’ ???for 512-byte blocks (this is the default if ?no ?suffix is used)

‘c’ ???for bytes

‘w’ ???for two-byte words

‘k’ ???for Kilobytes (units of 1024 bytes)

‘M’ ???for Megabytes (units of 1048576 bytes)

‘G’ ???for Gigabytes (units of 1073741824 bytes)

?

按大小查找

參數(shù)

說明

簡解

-a, --text

Process ??a ?binary ?file ?as ?if ?it ?were ?text; ?this ?is ?equivalent ?to ?the --binary-files=text option.

不要忽略二進(jìn)制的數(shù)據(jù)

-A NUM , --after-context=NUM

Print ?NUM ?lines ?of ?trailing ?context ?after ?matching ?lines. ??Places a line containing ?a ?group ?separator ?(described ?under ??--group-separator) ??between contiguous groups of matches. ?With the -o or --only-matching option, this has no effect and a warning is given.

除了顯示符合范本樣式的那一列之外，并顯示該行之后的內(nèi)容

-b, --byte-offset

Print ?the ?0-based byte offset within the input file before each line of output. If -o (--only-matching) is specified, print ?the ?offset ?of ?the ?matching ?part ?itself.

在顯示符合樣式的那一行之前，標(biāo)示出該行第一個(gè)字符的編號(hào)

-B NUM, --before-context=NUM

Print NUM lines ?of ?leading ?context ?before ?matching ?lines. ??Places ?a ?line containing ??a ??group ?separator ?(described ?under ?--group-separator) ?between contiguous groups of matches. ?With the -o or --only-matching option, this has no effect and a warning is given.

除了顯示符合樣式的那一行之外，并顯示該行之前的內(nèi)容

-c, --count

Suppress ?normal ?output; ?instead print a count of matching lines for each input ?file. With the -v, --invert-match option (see below), count non-matching ?lines. (-c is specified by POSIX.)

計(jì)算符合樣式的列數(shù)

-C NUM, -NUM, --context=NUM

Print ?NUM ?lines ?of output context. ?Places a line containing a group separator (described under --group-separator) between contiguous groups of ?matches. ??With the -o or --only-matching option, this has no effect and a warning is given.

除了顯示符合樣式的那一行之外，并顯示該行之前后各n行內(nèi)容

-d ACTION, --directories=ACTION

If an input file is a directory, use ACTION to process it. ?By default, ACTION is read, ?i.e., ?read directories just as if they were ordinary files. ?If ACTION is skip, silently skip directories. ?If ACTION is recurse, read all files under each directory, ?recursively, following symbolic links only if they are on the command line. ?This is equivalent to the -r option.

當(dāng)指定要查找的是目錄而非文件時(shí)，必須使用這項(xiàng)參數(shù)，否則grep指令將回報(bào)信息并停止動(dòng)作。

-e PATTERN, --regexp=PATTERN

Use ?PATTERN ?as ?the ?pattern. ??This ?can ?be ?used ?to specify multiple search patterns, or to protect a pattern beginning with a hyphen (-). ?(-e is ?specified by POSIX.)

使用正則表達(dá)式

-E, --extended-regexp

Interpret PATTERN as an extended regular expression (ERE, ?see ?below). ??(-E is specified by POSIX.)

使用拓展的正則表達(dá)式

-f FILE, --file=FILE

Obtain ?patterns from FILE, one per line. ?The empty file contains zero patterns, and therefore matches nothing. ?(-f is specified by POSIX.)

指定規(guī)則文件，其內(nèi)容含有一個(gè)或多個(gè)規(guī)則樣式，讓grep查找符合規(guī)則條件的文件內(nèi)容，格式為每行一個(gè)規(guī)則樣式。

-h, --no-filename

Suppress the prefixing of file names on output. ?This is the default ?when ?there is only one file (or only standard input) to search.

在顯示符合樣式的那一行之前，不標(biāo)示該行所屬的文件名稱。

-H, --with-filename

Print ?the file name for each match. ?This is the default when there is more than one file to search.

在顯示符合樣式的那一行之前，表示該行所屬的文件名稱。

-i, --ignore-case

Ignore case distinctions in both ?the ?PATTERN ?and ?the ?input ?files. ??(-i is specified by POSIX.)

忽略字符大小寫的差別。

-l, --files-with-matches

Suppress normal output; instead print the name of ?each ?input ?file ?from ?which output ?would ?normally ?have ?been printed. ?The scanning will stop on the first match. ?(-l is specified by POSIX.)

列出文件內(nèi)容符合指定的樣式的文件名稱。

-L, --files-without-match

Suppress normal output; instead print the name of each input file from ?which ?no output ?would ?normally ?have ?been printed. ?The scanning will stop on the first match.

列出文件內(nèi)容不符合指定的樣式的文件名稱。

-n, --line-number

Prefix ?each ?line ?of output with the 1-based line number within its input file. (-n is specified by POSIX.)

在顯示符合樣式的那一行之前，標(biāo)示出該行的列數(shù)編號(hào)。

-q, --quiet, --silent

Quiet; do not write anything to standard ?output. ??Exit ?immediately ?with ?zero status ?if any match is found, even if an error was detected. ?Also see the -s or --no-messages option. ?(-q is specified by POSIX.)

不顯示任何信息。

-r, --recursive

Read ?all ?files under each directory, recursively, following symbolic links only if they are on the command line. ?This is equivalent to the -d recurse option.

如果文件參數(shù)是目錄，該選項(xiàng)將遞歸搜索該目錄下的所有子目錄和文件。同-R

-s, --no-messages

Suppress error messages about nonexistent or unreadable files. ?Portability note: unlike ?GNU ?grep, ?7th ?Edition ?Unix ?grep did not conform to POSIX, because it lacked -q and its -s option behaved like GNU grep’s -q ?option. ??USG-style ?grep also ?lacked ?-q but its -s option behaved like GNU grep. ?Portable shell scripts should avoid both -q and -s and should redirect ?standard ?and ?error ?output ?to /dev/null instead. ?(-s is specified by POSIX.)

不顯示錯(cuò)誤信息。

-v, --invert-match

Invert ?the sense of matching, to select non-matching lines. ?(-v is specified by POSIX.)

顯示不包含匹配文本的所有行。

-V, --version

Print ?the ?version ?number ?of grep to the standard output stream. ?This version number should be included in all bug reports (see below).

顯示版本信息。

-w, --word-regexp

Select only those lines containing matches that form whole words. ??The ?test ?is that ?the ?matching ?substring ?must ?either ?be at the beginning of the line, or preceded by a non-word constituent character. ?Similarly, it must ?be ?either ?at ?the ?end ?of ?the ?line ?or ?followed by a non-word constituent character. ?Word- constituent characters are letters, digits, and the underscore.

只顯示完整單詞的匹配

-x, --line-regexp

Select only those matches that exactly match the whole line. ?(-x is specified by POSIX.)

只顯示完整行的匹配

參數(shù)

說明

簡解

-c, --bytes=[-]K

print the first K bytes of each file; with ?the ?leading ?‘-’,print all but the last K bytes of each file

按前K字節(jié)打印文件

-n, --lines=[-]K

print ?the ?first ?K ?lines ?instead of the first 10; with the leading ‘-’, print all but the last K lines of each file

按前K行打印文件

-q, --quiet, --silent

never print headers giving file names

隱藏文件名

-v, --verbose

always print headers giving file names

顯示文件名

?

?

?

參數(shù)

說明

簡解

-a, --archive

same as -dR --preserve=all

保持源文件的原有結(jié)構(gòu)和屬性，與選項(xiàng)“-dpR”相同

--backup[=CONTROL]

make a backup of each existing destination file

做一個(gè)已存在文件的備份

-b

like --backup but does not accept an argument

覆蓋已存在的目標(biāo)文件前將目標(biāo)文件備份

--copy-contents

copy contents of special files when recursive

?

-d

same as --no-dereference --preserve=links

如果復(fù)制的源文件是符號(hào)鏈接，僅復(fù)制符號(hào)鏈接本身，而且保留符號(hào)鏈接所指向的目標(biāo)文件或目錄

-f, --force

if an existing destination file cannot be ?opened, ?remove ?it and try again (redundant if the -n option is used)

強(qiáng)制覆蓋已經(jīng)存在的目標(biāo)文件，不提示用戶確認(rèn)

-i, --interactive

prompt before overwrite (overrides a previous -n option)

在覆蓋已存在的目標(biāo)文件前提示用戶進(jìn)行確認(rèn)

-H

follow command-line symbolic links in SOURCE

?

-l, --link

link files instead of copying

為源文件創(chuàng)建硬鏈接

-L, --dereference

always follow symbolic links in SOURCE

?

-n, --no-clobber

do ?not ?overwrite ?an ?existing file (overrides a previous -i option)

?

-P, --no-dereference

never follow symbolic links in SOURCE

?

-p

same as --preserve=mode,ownership,timestamps

復(fù)制文件時(shí)保持源文件的所有者、權(quán)限信息以及時(shí)間屬性

--preserve[=ATTR_LIST]

preserve ?the ?specified ?attributes ??(default: ??mode,owner-ship,timestamps), ?if possible additional attributes: context, links, xattr, all

?

-c

same as --preserve=context

?

--no-preserve=ATTR_LIST

don’t preserve the specified attributes

?

--parents

use full source file name under DIRECTORY

?

-R, -r, --recursive

copy directories recursively

對目錄進(jìn)行復(fù)制操作，采用遞歸的操作方式

--reflink[=WHEN]

control clone/CoW copies. See below.

?

--remove-destination

remove each existing destination ?file ?before ?attempting ?to ?open it (contrast with --force)

?

--sparse=WHEN

control creation of sparse files. See below.

?

--strip-trailing-slashes

remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE argument

?

-s, --symbolic-link

make symbolic links instead of copying

為源文件創(chuàng)建符號(hào)鏈接

-S, --suffix=SUFFIX

override the usual backup suffix

在備份文件時(shí)，用指定的后綴“SUFFIX”代替文件名的默認(rèn)后綴

-t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY

copy all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY

?

-T, --no-target-directory

treat DEST as a normal file

?

-u, --update

copy ?only ?when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing

當(dāng)目標(biāo)文件不存在或者源文件比目標(biāo)文件新時(shí)才進(jìn)行復(fù)制操作

-v, --verbose

explain what is being done

詳細(xì)顯示指令執(zhí)行的操作

-x, --one-file-system

stay on this file system

復(fù)制的文件或目錄存放的文件系統(tǒng)，必須與cp指令執(zhí)行時(shí)所處的文件系統(tǒng)相同，否則不復(fù)制，亦不處理位于其他分區(qū)的文件

-Z, --context=CONTEXT

set security context of copy to CONTEXT

?

參數(shù)

說明

簡解

-c, --bytes=K

output the last K bytes; alternatively, use -c ?+K ?to ?output bytes starting with the Kth of each file

輸出文件尾部的N個(gè)字節(jié)內(nèi)容

-f, --follow[={name|descriptor}]

output ?appended ?data ?as ?the ?file grows; -f, --follow, and --follow=descriptor are equivalent

顯示文件最新追加的內(nèi)容

-F

same as --follow=name --retry

與選項(xiàng)“--follow=name”和“--retry”連用時(shí)的功能相同

-n, --lines=K

output the last K lines, instead of the last 10; or use -n ?+K ?to output lines starting with the Kth

輸出文件尾部K行內(nèi)容

--max-unchanged-stats=N

with ?--follow=name, ?reopen a FILE which has not changed size after N (default 5) iterations to see if it has been ?unlinked or ?renamed ?(this ?is ?the ?usual case of rotated log files). With inotify, this option is rarely useful.

參看texinfo文檔(默認(rèn)為5)

--pid=PID

with -f, terminate after process ID, PID dies

與-f合用,表示在進(jìn)程ID,PID死掉之后結(jié)束

-q, --quiet, --silent

never output headers giving file names

不顯示文件名

--retry

keep trying to open a file even when it is or becomes inacces-sible; useful when following by name, i.e., with --follow=name

即使文件不可訪問或者文件稍后變得不可訪問，都始終嘗試打開文件

-s, --sleep-interval=N

with -f, sleep ?for ?approximately ?N ?seconds ?(default ?1.0) between iterations.

?

With ?inotify and --pid=P, check process P at least once every N seconds.

與“-f”連用，指定監(jiān)視文件變化時(shí)間所間隔的秒數(shù)

-v, --verbose

always output headers giving file names

總在開頭顯示文件名

參數(shù)

說明

簡解

-p

Print all defined aliases in a reusable format

打印已經(jīng)設(shè)置的命令別名

參數(shù)

說明

簡解

-a

remove all alias definitions.

取消所有別名

參數(shù)

說明

簡解

-f, --format=FORMAT

use printf style floating-point FORMAT

格式化輸出

-s, --separator=STRING

use STRING to separate numbers (default: \n)

指定分隔符，默認(rèn)是換行符

-w, --equal-width

equalize width by padding with leading zeroes

輸出同寬數(shù)列，不足的位數(shù)用0補(bǔ)齊

參數(shù)

說明

簡解

-n, --quiet, --silent

suppress automatic printing of pattern space

取消默認(rèn)輸出，只顯示操作過的那一行

-e script, --expression=script

add the script to the commands to be executed

直接在命令列模式上進(jìn)行sed的動(dòng)作編輯

-f script-file, --file=script-file

add the contents of script-file to the commands to be executed

運(yùn)行腳本內(nèi)的動(dòng)作

--follow-symlinks

follow symlinks when processing ?in ?place; ?hard ?links ?will still be broken

?

-i[SUFFIX], --in-place[=SUFFIX]

edit files in place (makes backup if extension supplied). ?The default operation mode is to break symbolic ?and ?hard ?links.This can be changed with --follow-symlinks and --copy

直接修改讀取的文件內(nèi)容

-c, --copy

use ?copy ?instead ?of rename when shuffling files in -i mode. While this will avoid breaking links (symbolic or ?hard), ?the resulting editing operation is not atomic. ?This is rarely the desired mode; --follow-symlinks is usually enough, and ?it ?is ?both faster and more secure.

?

-l N, --line-length=N

specify the desired line-wrap length for the ‘l’ command

?

--posix

disable all GNU extensions.

?

-r, --regexp-extended

use extended regular expressions in the script

在腳本中應(yīng)用拓展的正則表達(dá)式

-s, --separate

consider ?files as separate rather than as a single continuous long stream

?

-u, --unbuffered

load minimal amounts of data from the input ?files ?and ?flush ?the output buffers more often

?

參數(shù)

說明

簡解

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

參數(shù)

說明

簡解

-c, --comment COMMENT

Any text string. It is generally a short description of the login, and is currently used as the field for the user's full name.

加上備注文字

-d, --home HOME_DIR

The new user will be created using HOME_DIR as the value for the user's login directory. The default is to append the LOGIN name to BASE_DIR and use that as the login directory name. The parent directory of HOME_DIR must exist otherwise the home directory cannot be created.

指定用戶登入時(shí)的起始目錄

-D, ?defaults

See below, the subsection "Changing the default values".

變更預(yù)設(shè)值

-e, --expiredate EXPIRE_DATE

The date on which the user account will be disabled.

The date is specified in the format YYYY-MM-DD.

?

If not specified, useradd will use the default ?expiry date specified by the EXPIRE variable in /etc/default/useradd, or an empty string (no expiry) by default.

指定賬號(hào)的有效期限

-f, --inactive INACTIVE

The number of days after a password expires until the account is permanently disabled. A value of 0 disables the account as soon as the password has expired, and a value of -1 disables the feature.

?

If not specified, useradd will use the default ?inactivity period specified by the INACTIVE variable ?in /etc/default/useradd, or -1 by default.

指定在密碼過期后多少天即關(guān)閉該賬號(hào)

-g, --gid GROUP

The group name or number of the user's initial login group. The group name must exist. A group number must refer to an already existing group.

指定用戶所屬的群組

-G, --groups GROUP1[,GROUP2,...[,GROUPN]]]

A list of supplementary groups which the user is also a member of. Each group is separated from the next by a comma, with no intervening whitespace. The groups are subject to the same restrictions as the group given with the -g option. The default is for ?the user to belong only to the initial group.

指定用戶所屬的附加群組

-m, --create-home

Create the user's home directory if it does not exist. The files and directories contained in the skeleton directory (which can be defined with the -k option) will be copied to the home directory.

?

自動(dòng)建立用戶的登入目錄

-M

Do not create the user's home directory, even if the system wide setting from /etc/login.defs (CREATE_HOME) is set to yes.

不要自動(dòng)建立用戶的登入目錄

-N, --no-user-group

Do not create a group with the same name as the user, but add the user to the group specified by the -g option or by the GROUP variable in /etc/default/useradd.

取消建立以用戶名稱為名的群組

-r, --system

Create a system account.

建立系統(tǒng)賬號(hào)

-s, --shell SHELL

The name of the user's login shell. The default is to leave this field blank, which causes the system to select the default login shell specified by the SHELL variable in /etc/default/useradd, or an empty string by default.

指定用戶登入后使用的shell

-u, --uid UID

The numerical value of the user's ID. This value must be unique, unless the -o option is used. The value must be non-negative. The default is to use the smallest ID value greater than or equal to UID_MIN and greater than every other user.

指定用戶ID

參數(shù)

說明

簡解

-d

This ?is ?a quick way to delete a password for an account. It will set the named account ?password-less. Available to root only.

刪除密碼，僅有系統(tǒng)管理者才能使用

-k

The option -k, ?is ?used ?to ?indicate ?that ?the update ?should only be for expired authentication tokens (passwords); the user wishes to keep their non-expired tokens as before.

設(shè)置只有在密碼過期失效后，方能更新

-l

This option is used to lock the specified account and it is available to root only. The locking ?is performed ?by ?rendering ?the ?encrypted password into ?an ?invalid ?string ??(by ??prefixing ??the ?encrypted string with an !).

鎖住密碼

-S

This will output a short ?information ?about ?the ?status ?of ?the ?password ?for ?a ?given account.Available to root user only.

列出密碼的相關(guān)信息，僅有系統(tǒng)管理者才能使用

-u

This ?is ?the ?reverse of the -l option - it will unlock the account password ?by ?removing ?the ?!prefix. This option is available to root only. By default passwd will refuse to create a ?password-less ?account (it will not unlock an account that has only "!" as a password). The force option ?-f ?will override this protection.

解開已上鎖的賬號(hào)

參數(shù)

說明

簡解

-a, --all

print all information, in ?the ?following ?order, except omit -p and -i if unknown:

顯示全部的信息

-s, --kernel-name

print the kernel name

顯示操作系統(tǒng)類型

-n, --nodename

print the network node hostname

顯示主機(jī)名

-r, --kernel-release

print the kernel release

顯示核心版本號(hào)

-v, --kernel-version

print the kernel version

顯示操作系統(tǒng)的版本

-m, --machine

print the machine hardware name

顯示機(jī)器架構(gòu)類型

-p, --processor

print the processor type or "unknown"

?

-i, --hardware-platform

print the hardware platform or "unknown"

顯示硬件平臺(tái)

-o, --operating-system

print the operating system

顯示操作系統(tǒng)

參數(shù)

說明

簡解

-v, --verbose

Be verbose and tell what’s going on.

詳細(xì)信息模式

-a, --alias

Display the alias name of the host (if used)

顯示主機(jī)別名

-d, --domain

Display the name of the DNS domain. Don’t use the ?command ?domainname ?to ?get ?the DNS domain name because it will show the NIS domain name and ?not ?the DNS domain name. Use dnsdomainname instead.

顯示DNS域名

-f, --fqdn, --long

Display the FQDN (Fully Qualified Domain Name). A FQDN ?consists ?of ?a short host name and the DNS domain name. Unless you are using bind or NIS for host ?lookups you can change the FQDN and the DNS domain name (which is part of the ?FQDN) ?in ?the /etc/hosts ?file. See the warnings in section THE FQDN above, and ?avoid ?using ?this ?option; ?use hostname --all-fqdns instead

顯示FQDN名稱

-i, --ip-address

Display the IP address(es) of the host. Note that this works only if the host name can be resolved.

Avoid using this option; use ?hostname ?--all-ip- addresses instead

顯示主機(jī)的ip地址

-s, --short

Display ?the ?short ?host ?name. This is the host name cut at the first dot.

顯示短主機(jī)名稱，在第一個(gè)點(diǎn)處截?cái)?/p>

-y, --yp, --nis

Display ?the ?NIS ?domain name. If a parameter is given (or --file name ) then root can also set ?a new NIS domain

顯示NIS域名

參數(shù)

說明

簡解

--quiet

Does ?not ?output ?the ?current and previous run-level, nor does it output unknown in the case ?of error (but it will exit with an error code).

?

This ?may ?be ?used to test for the presence of a runlevel entry, or to check ?for ?errors ?reading from the file.

不顯示當(dāng)前運(yùn)行狀態(tài)

參數(shù)

說明

簡解

-v, --verbose

Outputs ?verbose messages about job state changes and event emissions to the system console or log,useful for debugging boot.

顯示詳細(xì)信息

-q, --quiet

reduce output to errors only

只顯示錯(cuò)誤

參數(shù)

說明

簡解

-r

Requests that the system be rebooted after it has been brought down

重啟系統(tǒng)

-h

Requests that the system be either halted or pow-ered off after it has been brought down, with the choice as to which left up to the system.

關(guān)機(jī)

-H

Requests that the system be halted after ?it ?has ?been brought down

?

-P

Requests ?that the system be powered off after it has been brought down.

?

-c

Cancels a running shutdown. ?TIME?is ?not ?specified with this option, the first argument is MES-SAGE.

當(dāng)執(zhí)行“shutdown -h 11:50”指令時(shí)，只要按+鍵就可以中斷關(guān)機(jī)的指令

-k

Only send out the warning ?messages ?and ?disable ?logins, do not actually bring the system down

只發(fā)送警告信息，不真關(guān)機(jī)

參數(shù)

說明

簡解

-f, --force

Does ?not invoke shutdown(8) and instead performs the actual action you would expect from the name.

強(qiáng)制重新開機(jī)

-p, --poweroff

Instructs ?the ?halt command to instead behave as poweroff

?

-w, --wtmp-only

Does not call shutdown(8) or the reboot(2) system call ?and instead only writes the shutdown record to /var/log/wtmp

僅做測試，并不真正將系統(tǒng)重新開機(jī)，只會(huì)把重開機(jī)的數(shù)據(jù)寫入/var/log目錄下的wtmp記錄文件。

--verbose

Outputs ?slightly ?more ?verbose ?messages ??when rebooting, ?useful ?for ?debugging ?problems with shutdown.

?

-n, --no-sync

don't sync before reboot or halt

?

參數(shù)

說明

簡解

-c

clear the history list by deleting all of the entries

清空當(dāng)前歷史命令

-d

offset delete the history entry at offset OFFSET

?

-a

append history lines from this session to the history file

將歷史命令緩沖區(qū)中命令寫入歷史命令文件中

-n

read all history lines not already read from the history file

?

-r

read the history file and append the contents to the history list

將歷史命令文件中的命令讀入當(dāng)前歷史命令緩沖區(qū)

-w

write the current history to the history file and append them to the history list

?

-p

perform history expansion on each ARG and display the result without storing it in the history list

?

-s

append the ARGs to the history list as a single entry

?

參數(shù)

說明

簡解

-c

Clear the ring buffer contents after printing.

顯示信息后，清除ring buffer中的內(nèi)容

-r

Print ?the ?raw message buffer, i.e., don’t strip ?the log level prefixes.

?

-s bufsize

Use a buffer of size bufsize to query the ?kernel ring ?buffer. ??This ?is ?16392 by default. ?(The default kernel syslog buffer ?size ?was ?4096 ?at ?first, ?8192 ?since 1.3.54, 16384 since 2.1.113.) If you have set the kernel buffer ?to ?be ?larger than ?the default then this option can be used to view the entire buffer

設(shè)置ring buffer大小，預(yù)設(shè)置為8196，剛好等于ring buffer的大小

-n level

Set the level at which ?logging ?of ?messages ?is done ?to the console. ?For example, -n 1 prevents all messages, except panic messages, from appear-ing ?on ?the console. ?All levels of messages are still written to /proc/kmsg, ?so ?syslogd(8) ?can

?still ?be ?used ?to ?control exactly where kernel messages appear. ?When the ?-n ?option ?is ?used,dmesg ?will ?not ?print ?or clear the kernel ring buffer

設(shè)置記錄信息的層級

?

?

?

參數(shù)

說明

簡解

?

?

?

參數(shù)

說明

簡解

-b, --body-numbering=STYLE

use STYLE for numbering body lines

指定行號(hào)指定的方式，主要有兩種：

-b?a?：表示不論是否為空行，也同樣列出行號(hào)(類似?cat?-n)；

-b?t?：如果有空行，空的那一行不要列出行號(hào)(默認(rèn)值)；

-d, --section-delimiter=CC

use CC for separating logical pages

?

-f, --footer-numbering=STYLE

use STYLE for numbering footer lines

?

-h, --header-numbering=STYLE

use STYLE for numbering header lines

?

-i, --line-increment=NUMBER

line number increment at each line

?

-l, --join-blank-lines=NUMBER

group of NUMBER empty lines counted as one

?

-n, --number-format=FORMAT

insert line numbers according to FORMAT

列出行號(hào)表示的方法，主要有三種：

-n?ln?：行號(hào)在螢?zāi)坏淖钭蠓斤@示；

-n?rn?：行號(hào)在自己欄位的最右方顯示，且不加?0?；

-n?rz?：行號(hào)在自己欄位的最右方顯示，且加?0?；

-p, --no-renumber

do not reset line numbers at logical pages

在邏輯定界符處不重新開始計(jì)算

-s, --number-separator=STRING

add STRING after (possible) line number

?

-v, --starting-line-number=NUMBER

first line number on each logical page

?

-w, --number-width=NUMBER

use NUMBER columns for line numbers

行號(hào)欄位的占用的位數(shù)

參數(shù)

說明

簡解

-bn

Specifies the amount of buffer ?space ?less ?will use ?for ?each ?file, in units of kilobytes (1024 bytes). ?By default 64K of buffer space ?is ?used for each file (unless the file is a pipe; see the -B option). ?The -b option specifies instead that n ?kilobytes ?of ?buffer space should be used for each file. ?If n is -1, buffer ?space ?is ?unlimited; ?that ?is, the entire file can be read into memory.

設(shè)置緩沖區(qū)的大小

-e

Causes less to automatically exit the second time it reaches end-of-file. ?By default, the only way to exit less is via the "q" command.

當(dāng)文件顯示結(jié)束后，自動(dòng)離開

-f

Forces non-regular files to be opened. ??(A ?non-regular ?file ?is a directory or a device special file.) ?Also suppresses the warning message ?when a ?binary ?file is opened. ?By default, less will refuse to open non-regular files. ?Note that some operating ?systems ?will not allow directories to be read, even if -f is set

強(qiáng)迫打開特殊文件，例如外圍設(shè)備代號(hào)、目錄和二進(jìn)制文件

-g

Normally, ?less ?will highlight ALL strings which match the last search ?command. ??The ?-g ?option changes ?this behavior to highlight only the particular string which was found by the last search command. ??This ?can ?cause ?less to run somewhat ?faster than the default

只標(biāo)志最后搜索的關(guān)鍵詞

-i

Causes searches to ignore case; that ?is, ?uppercase ?and ?lowercase ?are ?considered ?identical. This option is ignored if any ?uppercase ?letters appear ?in the search pattern; in other words, if a pattern contains uppercase letters, ?then ?that ?search does not ignore case

忽略搜索時(shí)的大小寫

-m

Causes less to prompt verbosely (like more), with the ?percent ?into ?the ?file. ??By default, less prompts with a colon

顯示類似more命令的百分比

-N

Causes a line ?number ?to ?be ?displayed ?at ?the beginning of each line in the display.

顯示每行的行號(hào)

-ofilename

Causes ?less ?to copy its input to the named file as it is being viewed. ?This ?applies ?only ?when the ?input ?file is a pipe, not an ordinary file. If the file already exists, ?less ?will ?ask ?for confirmation before overwriting it

將less?輸出的內(nèi)容在指定文件中保存起來

-Q

Causes ?totally ?"quiet" ?operation: the terminal bell is never rung.

不使用警告音

-s

Causes ?consecutive ?blank ?lines ?to be squeezed into a single blank line. ?This ?is ?useful ?when viewing nroff output

顯示連續(xù)空行為一行

-S

Causes ?lines ?longer than the screen width to be chopped rather than folded. ?That is, the portion of ?a ?long ?line that does not fit in the screen width is not shown. ?The default is to fold ?long lines; that is, display the remainder on the next line

行過長時(shí)間將超出部分舍棄

-xn

Sets ?tab stops. ?If only one n is specified, tab stops are set at multiples ?of ?n. ??If ?multiple ?values ?separated ?by ?commas ?are specified, tab stops are set at those positions, and ?then ?continue with the same spacing as the last two. ?For example, -x9,17 will set tabs at positions 9, 17,25, 33, etc. The default for n is 8

將“tab”鍵顯示為規(guī)定的數(shù)字空格

參數(shù)

說明

簡解

+num

Start at line number num

從笫n行開始顯示

-num

This option specifies an integer which is the screen size (in lines)

定義屏幕大小為n行

+/pattern

The +/ option specifies a string that will be searched for before each file is displayed

在每個(gè)檔案顯示前搜尋該字串（pattern），然后從該字串前兩行之后開始顯示

-c

Do not scroll. ?Instead, paint each screen from the top, clearing the remainder of each line as it is displayed.

從頂部清屏，然后顯示

-d

more will prompt the user with the message "[Press space to continue, ’q’ to quit.]" and will display"[Press ’h’ for instructions.]" instead of ringing the bell when an illegal key is pressed

提示“Press?space?to?continue，’q’?to?quit（按空格鍵繼續(xù)，按q鍵退出）”，禁用響鈴功能

-l

more usually treats ^L (form feed) as a special character, and will pause after any line that contains a form feed. ?The -l option will prevent this behavior.

忽略Ctrl+l（換頁）字符

-p

Do not scroll. ?Instead, clear the whole screen and then display the text

通過清除窗口而不是滾屏來對文件進(jìn)行換頁，與-c選項(xiàng)相似

-s

Squeeze multiple blank lines into one.

把連續(xù)的多個(gè)空行顯示為一行

-u

Suppress underlining

把文件內(nèi)容中的下畫線去掉

參數(shù)

說明

簡解

-c, --bytes

print the byte counts

打印字節(jié)數(shù)

-m, --chars

print the character counts

打印字符數(shù)

-l, --lines

print the newline counts

打印行數(shù)

--files0-from=F

read input from the files specified by NUL-terminated names in file F; If F is - then read ?names from standard input

?

-L, --max-line-length

print the length of the longest line

打印最長行的長度

-w, --words

print the word counts

打印單詞數(shù)

參數(shù)

說明

簡解

--level levels

Specifies the run levels an operation should pertain ?to. It is given as a string of numbers from 0 to 6. For example, --level ?35 ?specifies ?run- levels 3 and 5

指定系統(tǒng)服務(wù)要在哪一個(gè)執(zhí)行等級中開啟或關(guān)畢

--add name

This ?option adds a new service for management by chkconfig. ?When a new service is added, ?chkconfig ?ensures ?that the service has either a start or a kill entry in every runlevel. ?If ?any ?run-level is missing such an entry, chkconfig creates the appropriate entry as specified by the default values ?in ?the ?init ?script. ?Note that default entries in ?LSB-delimited ?’INIT ?INFO’ ?sections take precedence over the default runlevels in the initscript; if any ?Required-Start ?or ?Required-Stop entries are present, the start and stop priorities of the script will be adjusted to account for these dependencies

增加所指定的系統(tǒng)服務(wù)，讓chkconfig指令得以管理它，并同時(shí)在系統(tǒng)啟動(dòng)的敘述文件內(nèi)增加相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)

--del name

The service is removed from chkconfig management,and any symbolic links ?in ?/etc/rc[0-6].d ?which pertain to it are removed.Note ?that ?future package installs for this service may run chkconfig --add, which ?will ?re-add such ?links. ?To disable a service, run chkconfig name off.

刪除所指定的系統(tǒng)服務(wù)，不再由chkconfig指令管理，并同時(shí)在系統(tǒng)啟動(dòng)的敘述文件內(nèi)刪除相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)

--list name

This option lists all of the services which ?chkconfig ?knows about, and whether they are stopped or started in each runlevel. If ?name ?is ?specified, ?information ?in only display about service name.

羅列所有服務(wù)在各執(zhí)行等級上的開啟、關(guān)閉情況

參數(shù)

說明

簡解

-A

append tar files to an archive

新增壓縮文件到已存在的壓縮

-c

create a new archive

建立新的壓縮文件

-d

find differences between archive and file system

記錄文件的差別

-r

append files to the end of an archive

添加文件到已經(jīng)壓縮的文件結(jié)尾

-u

only append files newer than copy in archive

添加改變了和現(xiàn)有的文件到已經(jīng)存在的壓縮文件

-x

extract files from an archive

從壓縮的文件中提取文件

-t

list the contents of an archive

顯示壓縮文件的內(nèi)容

-z

filter the archive through gzip

支持gzip解壓文件

-j

filter the archive through bzip2

支持bzip2解壓文件

-v

verbosely list files processed

顯示操作過程

-W

attempt to verify the archive after writing it

確認(rèn)壓縮文件的正確性

-C

change to directory DIR

切換到指定目錄

-f

use archive file or device ARCHIVE

指定壓縮文件

參數(shù)

說明

簡解

-b, --bytes=LIST

select only these bytes

以字節(jié)為單位進(jìn)行分割

-c, --characters=LIST

select only these characters

以字符為單位進(jìn)行分割

-d, --delimiter=DELIM

use DELIM instead of TAB for field delimiter

自定義分隔符，默認(rèn)為制表符

-f, --fields=LIST

select ?only these fields; ?also print any line that contains ?no ?delimiter ?character, ?unless ?the ?-soption is specified

與-d一起使用，指定顯示哪個(gè)區(qū)域

-n

with -b: don’t split multibyte characters

取消分割多字節(jié)字符僅和 -b 標(biāo)志一起使用。如果字符的最后一個(gè)字節(jié)落在由 -b 標(biāo)志的 List 參數(shù)指示的范圍之內(nèi)，該字符將被寫出；否則，該字符將被排除。

--complement

complement ?the set of selected bytes, characters or fields

補(bǔ)足被選擇的字節(jié)、字符或字段

-s, --only-delimited

do not print lines not containing delimiters

不打印不含分隔符的行

--output-delimiter=STRING

use STRING as the output delimiter the default is to use the input delimiter

指定分隔符打印樣式

參數(shù)

說明

簡解

-c, -C, --complement

use the complement of SET1

取代所有不屬于第一字符集的字符

-d, --delete

delete characters in SET1, do not translate

刪除所有屬于第一字符集的字符

-s, --squeeze-repeats

replace each input sequence of a repeated ?character that ?is ?listed in SET1 with a single occurrence of that character

把連續(xù)重復(fù)的字符以單獨(dú)一個(gè)字符表示

-t, --truncate-set1

first truncate SET1 to length of SET2

先刪除第一字符集較第二字符集多出的字符

參數(shù)

說明

簡解

-L, --dereference

follow links

如果是鏈接文件，則獲取原文件信息

-Z, --context

print the SELinux security context

打印SELinux安全上下文信息

-f, --file-system

display file system status instead of file status

顯示文件系統(tǒng)狀態(tài)而非文件狀態(tài)

-c ?--format=FORMAT

use ?the ?specified ?FORMAT ?instead of the default; output a newline after each use of FORMAT

自定義輸出格式，結(jié)尾有換行

--printf=FORMAT

like --format, but interpret backslash escapes, ?and do ?not output a mandatory trailing newline. ?If you want a newline, include \n in FORMAT.

自定義輸出格式，結(jié)尾無換行符，需手動(dòng)添加

-t, --terse

print the information in terse form

以簡潔方式輸出信息

參數(shù)

說明

簡解

-b

Do not prepend filenames to output lines (brief mode)

列出文件辨識(shí)結(jié)果時(shí)，不顯示文件名稱。

-c

Cause a checking printout of the parsed form of the magic file. ?This is usually used in conjunction with the -m flag to debug a new magic file before installing it

詳細(xì)顯示指令執(zhí)行過程，便于排錯(cuò)或分析程序執(zhí)行的情形

-f

Read the names of the files to be examined from namefile (one per line) before the argument list.Either namefile or at least one filename argument must be present; to test the standard input, use ‘-’ as a filename argument.

列出文件中文件名的文件類型

-F

Use the specified string as the separator between the filename and the file result returned. Defaults to‘:’.

使用指定分隔符號(hào)替換輸出文件名后的默認(rèn)的“：”分隔符

-i

Causes the file command to output mime type strings rather than the more traditional human readable ones.Thus it may say ‘text/plain; charset=us-ascii’ rather than ‘ASCII text’. ?In order for this option to work,file changes the way it handles files recognized by the command itself (such as many of the text file types, directories etc), and makes use of an alternative ‘magic’ file. ?(See the FILES section, below)

輸出mime類型的字符串

-L

option causes symlinks to be followed, as the like-named option in ls(1) (on systems that support symbolic links). ?This is the default if the environment variable POSIXLY_CORRECT is defined

查看對應(yīng)軟鏈接對應(yīng)文件的文件類型

-z

Try to look inside compressed files.

嘗試去解讀壓縮文件的內(nèi)容

參數(shù)

說明

簡解

-a

Display ?the ?hostname in the last column. Useful in combination with the next flag

將登錄系統(tǒng)的的主機(jī)名稱或IP地址，顯示在最后一行

-d

For non-local logins, Linux stores not only the host name ?of ?the remote host but its IP number as well.This option translates the IP ?number ?back ?into ?a hostname

將IP地址轉(zhuǎn)換成主機(jī)名稱

-f

Specifies a file to search other than /var/log/wtmp

指定記錄文件，默認(rèn)是顯示/var/log目錄下的wtmp文件的記錄，但/var/log目錄下得btmp能顯示的內(nèi)容更豐富，可以顯示遠(yuǎn)程登錄，例如ssh登錄 ，包括失敗的登錄請求

-i

This ?option ?is ?like -d in that it displays the IP number of the remote host, but it ?displays ?the ?IP ?number in numbers-and-dots notation.

-i顯示特定ip登錄的情況。跟蹤用 -i顯示特定ip登錄的情況。跟蹤用

-o

Read ?an ?old-type wtmp file (written by linux-libc5 applications).

?

-n

This is a count telling last how many lines to show.

-n <顯示列數(shù)>或-<顯示列數(shù)> 　設(shè)置列出名單的顯示列數(shù)

-w

Display full user and domain names in the output

?

-R

Suppresses the display of the hostname field

不顯示登入系統(tǒng)的主機(jī)名稱或IP（省略 hostname 的欄位）

-t

Display ?the ?state ?of ?logins ?as of the specified time. ?This is useful, e.g., to determine easily who was ?logged ?in at a particular time -- specify that time with -t and look for "still logged in"

顯示YYYYMMDDHHMMSS之前的信息

-x

Display the system shutdown entries ?and ?run ?level ?changes.

顯示系統(tǒng)關(guān)閉、用戶登錄和退出的歷史

參數(shù)

說明

簡解

-b, --before DAYS

Print only lastlog records older than DAYS

顯示指定天數(shù)前的登錄信息

-h, --help

Display help message and exit.

顯示幫助

-t, --time DAYS

Print the lastlog records more recent than DAYS

顯示指定天數(shù)以來的登錄信息

-u, --user LOGIN|RANGE

Print the lastlog record of the specified user(s)

顯示指定用戶的最近登錄信息

參數(shù)

說明

簡解

-a

include dummy file systems

包含全部的文件系統(tǒng)

-B

use SIZE-byte blocks

以指定的區(qū)塊大小來顯示區(qū)塊數(shù)目

-h

print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G)

以可讀性較高的方式來顯示信息

-H

likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024

與-h相同，但在計(jì)算時(shí)是以1000Bytes為換算單位而非1024 Bytes

-i

list inode information instead of block usage

顯示inode的信息

-k

like --block-size=1K

指定區(qū)塊大小為1024字節(jié)

-l

limit listing to local file systems

僅顯示本地的文件系統(tǒng)

--no-sync

do not invoke sync before getting usage info (default)

在取得磁盤使用信息前，不要執(zhí)行sync指令，此為預(yù)設(shè)值

-P

use the POSIX output format

使用POSIX的輸出格式

--sync

invoke sync before getting usage info

在取得磁盤使用信息前，先執(zhí)行sync指令

-t

limit listing to file systems of type TYPE

僅顯示指定文件系統(tǒng)類型的磁盤信息

-T

print file system type

顯示文件系統(tǒng)的類型

-x

limit listing to file systems not of type TYPE

不要顯示指定文件系統(tǒng)類型的磁盤信息

參數(shù)

說明

簡解

-b

print the blocks which are reserved as bad in the filesystem

打印文件系統(tǒng)中預(yù)留的塊信息

-o superblock=superblock

use the block superblock when examining ?the ?filesystem. ??This option ?is ?not usually needed except by a filesystem wizard who is examining the remains of a very badly corrupted filesystem

指定檢查文件系統(tǒng)時(shí)使用的超級塊

-o blocksize=blocksize

use blocks of blocksize bytes ?when ?examining ?the ?filesystem.This ?option is not usually needed except by a filesystem wizard who is examining the remains of a very badly corrupted ?filesystem

檢查文件系統(tǒng)時(shí)使用指定的塊大小

-f

force ?dumpe2fs ?to display a filesystem even though it may have some filesystem feature flags which dumpe2fs may not ?understand(and ?which can cause some of dumpe2fs’s display to be suspect)

?

-h

only display the superblock information and not any of the block group descriptor detail information

僅顯示超級塊信息

-i

display ?the ?filesystem ?data ?from ?an ?image ?file created by e2image, using device as the pathname to the image file

從指定的文件系統(tǒng)映像文件中讀取文件系統(tǒng)信息

-x

print the detailed group information block numbers in ?hexadecimal format

以16進(jìn)制格式打印信息塊成員

-V

print the version number of dumpe2fs and exit.

?

參數(shù)

說明

簡解

-a

All files are printed. ?By default tree does not ?print ?hidden ?files(those ?beginning ?with ?a ?dot ‘.’). ?In no event does tree print the file system constructs ‘.’ ?(current ?directory) ?and ?‘..’ ?(previous directory)

顯示所有文件和目錄

-A

Turn on ANSI line graphics hack when printing the indentation lines

使用ASNI繪圖字符顯示樹狀圖而非以ASCII字符組合

-C

Turn colorization on always, using ?built-in ?color ?defaults ?if ?the LS_COLORS ?environment variable is not set. ?Useful to colorize output to a pipe

在文件和目錄清單加上色彩，便于區(qū)分各種類型

-d

List directories only

只羅列目錄

-D

Print the date of the last modification time for the file listed

列出文件或目錄的更改時(shí)間

-L

Max display depth of the directory tree

羅列的層次深度

-f

Prints the full path prefix for each file

在每個(gè)文件或目錄之前，顯示完整的相對路徑名稱

-F

Append ?a ?‘/’ for directories, a ‘=’ for socket files, a ‘*’ for executable files and a ‘|’ for FIFO’s, as per ls -F

在執(zhí)行文件，目錄，Socket，符號(hào)連接，管道名稱名稱，各自加上"*","/","=","@","|"號(hào)

-g

Print the group name, or GID # if no group name is available, ?of ?the file.

列出文件或目錄的所屬群組名稱，沒有對應(yīng)的名稱時(shí)，則顯示群組識(shí)別碼

-i

Makes ?tree ?not print the indentation lines, useful when used in conjunction with the -f option

不以階梯狀列出文件或目錄名稱

-I

Do not list those files that match the wild-card pattern

不顯示符合范本樣式的文件或目錄名稱

-l

Follows symbolic links if they point to directories, as if ?they ?were directories. ?Symbolic links that will result in recursion are avoided when detected

如遇到性質(zhì)為符號(hào)連接的目錄，直接列出該連接所指向的原始目錄

-n

Turn colorization off always, over-ridden by the -C option

不在文件和目錄清單加上色彩

-N

Print ?non-printable ?characters ?as ?is ?instead of the default caret notation

直接列出文件和目錄名稱，包括控制字符

-p

Print the file type and permissions for each file (as per ls -l)

列出權(quán)限標(biāo)示

-P

List only those files that match the ?wild-card ?pattern. ??Note: ?you must ?use ?the -a option to also consider those files beginning with a

?dot ‘.’ for matching. ?Valid wildcard operators are ‘*’ (any ?zero ?or more ?characters), ?‘?’ ?(any ?single ?character), ‘[...]’ (any single character listed between brackets (optional ?- ?(dash) ?for ?character range ?may be used: ex: [A-Z]), and ‘[^...]’ (any single character not listed in brackets) and ‘|’ separates alternate patterns

只顯示符合范本樣式的文件或目錄名稱

-q

Print non-printable characters in filenames as question marks ?instead of the default caret notation

用"?"號(hào)取代控制字符，列出文件和目錄名稱

-s

Print the size of each file in bytes along with the name

列出文件或目錄大小

-t

Sort the output by last modification time instead of alphabetically

用文件和目錄的更改時(shí)間排序

-u

Print the username, or UID # if no username is available, of the file

列出文件或目錄的擁有者名稱，沒有對應(yīng)的名稱時(shí)，則顯示用戶識(shí)別碼

-x

Stay on the current file-system only. ?Ala find -xdev

將范圍局限在現(xiàn)行的文件系統(tǒng)中，若指定目錄下的某些子目錄，其存放于另一個(gè)文件系統(tǒng)上，則將該子目錄予以排除在尋找范圍外

參數(shù)

說明

簡解

-a

ignore, for compatibility with other versions

?

-Z

print only the security context of the current user

?

-g

print only the effective group ID

顯示用戶所屬群組的ID

-G

print all group IDs

顯示用戶所有群組的ID

-n

print a name instead of a number, for -ugG

顯示用戶所屬群組的名稱

-r

print the real ID instead of the effective ID, with -ugG

顯示實(shí)際ID

-u

print only the effective user ID

顯示用戶ID

參數(shù)

說明

簡解

-f

remove existing destination files

鏈接時(shí)先將與dist同檔案名的檔案刪除

-d

allow the superuser to attempt to hard link ?directories ?(note: ?will probably fail due to system restrictions, even for the superuser)

允許系統(tǒng)管理者硬鏈接自己的目錄

-i

prompt whether to remove destinations

在刪除與dist同名的檔案時(shí)先進(jìn)行詢問

-n

treat ?destination ?that ?is ?a symlink to a directory as if it were a normal file

在進(jìn)行軟鏈接時(shí)，將dist視為一般的檔案

-s

make symbolic links instead of hard links

創(chuàng)建軟鏈接

-v

print name of each linked file

在鏈接之前顯示其檔案名

-b

like --backup but does not accept an argument

將在鏈接時(shí)會(huì)被覆寫或刪除的檔案進(jìn)行備份

-S

override the usual backup suffix

將備份的檔案都加上SUFFIX的字尾

參數(shù)

說明

簡解

-a

write counts for all files, not just directories

顯示目錄中所有文件大小

-b

equivalent to ‘--apparent-size --block-size=1’

顯示目錄或文件大小時(shí)，以byte為單位

-c

produce a grand total

顯示一個(gè)大小總和

-k

like --block-size=1K

以KB為單位輸出

-m

like --block-size=1M

以MB為單位輸出

-s

display only a total for each argument

僅顯示總計(jì)，只列出最后加總的值

-h

print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G)

人類可讀

-x

skip directories on different file systems

以一開始處理時(shí)的文件系統(tǒng)為準(zhǔn)，若遇上其它不同的文件系統(tǒng)目錄則略過

-L

dereference all symbolic links

顯示選項(xiàng)中所指定符號(hào)鏈接的源文件大小

-S

do not include size of subdirectories

顯示個(gè)別目錄的大小時(shí)，并不含其子目錄的大小

-X

exclude files that match any pattern in FILE

?

--exclude=PATTERN

exclude files that match PATTERN

略過指定的目錄或文件

-D

dereference only symlinks that are listed on the command line

顯示指定符號(hào)鏈接的源文件大小

-H

equivalent to --dereference-args (-D)

與-h參數(shù)相同，但是是以1000為換算單位

-l

count sizes many times if hard linked

重復(fù)計(jì)算硬鏈接的文件

參數(shù)

說明

簡解

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?