oracle书评,【书评:Oracle查询优化改写】第二章
BLOG文檔結構圖
在上一篇中http://blog.itpub.net/26736162/viewspace-1652985/，我們主要分析了一些單表查詢的時候需要注意的內容，今天第二章也很簡單，主要是關于排序方面的內容，以下貼出第二章的內容：
第 2 章 給查詢結果排序
2.1 以指定的次序返回查詢結果
2.2 按多個字段排序
2.3 按子串排序
2.4 TRANSLATE
2.5 按數字和字母混合字符串中的字母排序
2.6 處理排序空值
2.7 根據條件取不同列中的值來排序
排序基本上沒有什么可以講的，不過書中著重介紹了下translate的用法。
一.1translate用法
語法：TRANSLATE(char, from, to)
用法：
1.返回將出現在from中的每個字符替換為to中的相應字符以后的字符串。
2.若from比to字符串長，那么在from中比to中多出的字符將會被刪除，或者認為from中多出的字符在to中與空對應
3.三個參數中有一個是空，返回值也將是空值。
09:43:50 SQL>? select translate('abcdefga','abc','wo')? from dual;
TRANSLA
-------
wodefgw
Elapsed: 00:00:00.14
09:43:57 SQL>? select translate('abcdefga','abc','')? from dual;
T
-
Elapsed: 00:00:00.00
SELECTtranslate('ab 你好 bcadefg','abcdefg','1234567'),translate('ab 你好 bcadefg','1abcdefg','1')FROMdual;
一.2按數字和字母混合字符串中的字母排序，采用translate函數來實現
09:52:01 SQL> create or replace view v as select empno || ' '||ename as data from scott.emp;
View created.
Elapsed: 00:00:00.54
09:52:07 SQL> select * from V
09:52:15?? 2? ;
DATA
---------------------------------------------------
9000 lastwiner
9001 lastwiner
7369 SMITH
7499 ALLEN
7521 WARD
7566 JONES
7654 MARTIN
7698 BLAKE
7782 CLARK
7788 SCOTT
7839 KING
7844 TURNER
7876 ADAMS
7900 JAMES
7902 FORD
7934 MILLER
16 rows selected.
Elapsed: 00:00:00.20
09:55:07 SQL>select data,translate(data,'- 0123456789','-') from V order by 2;
DATA??????????????????????????????????????????????? TRANSLATE(DATA,'-0123456789','-')
--------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7876 ADAMSADAMS
7499 ALLENALLEN
7698 BLAKEBLAKE
7782 CLARKCLARK
7902 FORDFORD
7900 JAMESJAMES
7566 JONESJONES
7839 KINGKING
7654 MARTINMARTIN
7934 MILLERMILLER
7788 SCOTTSCOTT
7369 SMITHSMITH
7844 TURNERTURNER
7521 WARDWARD
9001 lastwinerlastwiner
9000 lastwinerlastwiner
16 rows selected.
Elapsed: 00:00:00.10
09:55:33 SQL>
一.3關于order by排序的優化
關于SQL優化中有一個原則叫：避免使用耗費資源的操作(DISTINCT、UNION、MINUS、INTERSECT、ORDER BY、group by、SMJ、created index)
帶有DISTINCT,UNION,MINUS,INTERSECT,ORDER BY的SQL語句會啟動SQL引擎執行耗費資源的排序(SORT)功能. DISTINCT需要一次排序操作, 而其他的至少需要執行兩次排序.
例如,一個UNION查詢,其中每個查詢都帶有GROUP BY子句, GROUP BY會觸發嵌入排序(NESTED SORT) ; 這樣, 每個查詢需要執行一次排序, 然后在執行UNION時, 又一個唯一排序(SORT UNIQUE)操作被執行而且它只能在前面的嵌入排序結束后才能開始執行. 嵌入的排序的深度會大大影響查詢的效率.
通常, 帶有UNION, MINUS , INTERSECT的SQL語句都可以用其他方式重寫.
ORDER BY語句決定了Oracle如何將返回的查詢結果排序。Order by語句對要排序的列沒有什么特別的限制，也可以將函數加入列中(象聯接或者附加等)。任何在Order by語句的非索引項或者有計算表達式都將降低查詢速度。
仔細檢查order by語句以找出非索引項或者表達式，它們會降低性能。解決這個問題的辦法就是重寫order by語句以使用索引，也可以為所使用的列建立另外一個索引，同時應絕對避免在order by子句中使用表達式。
●在頻繁進行排序或分組(即進行group by或order by操作)的列上建立索引。
●如果待排序的列有多個，可以在這些列上建立復合索引(compound index)。
磁盤排序的開銷是很大的，有幾個方面的原因。首先，和內存排序相比較，它們特別慢；而且磁盤排序會消耗臨時表空間中的資源。Oracle還必須分配緩沖池塊來保持臨時表空間中的塊。無論什么時候，內存排序都比磁盤排序好，磁盤排序將會令任務變慢，并且會影響Oracle實例的當前任務的執行。還有，過多的磁盤排序將會令free buffer waits的值變高，從而令其它任務的數據塊由緩沖中移走。
一.3.1總結
(1)采用索引避免排序：排序數據較多時
(2)去掉不必要的distinct，很多distinct是由于程序員對數據的了解不自信而多加的。
總而言之，排序是非常耗費CPU資源的，能不排序就不要排序，如果非得排序，可以考慮在排序列上建立合適的索引。
記得之前有個SQL，不加排序的話，秒級可以出結果，即響應速度很快，但是加上排序后得5或6分鐘才可以，看了下是結果集很大，又得排序造成的。
這里簡單舉個例子吧：
一.3.2例子
[oracle@rhel6_lhr ~]$ sqlplus / as sysdba
SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.3.0 Production on Thu May 14 10:55:26 2015
Copyright (c) 1982, 2011, Oracle.? All rights reserved.
Connected to:
Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.3.0 - 64bit Production
With the Partitioning, Automatic Storage Management, OLAP, Data Mining
and Real Application Testing options
10:55:26 SQL> conn lhr/lhr
Connected.
12:08:08 SQL> create table test_index_lhr as select * from dba_objects;
Table created.
Elapsed: 00:00:03.70
12:08:27 SQL> insert into test_index_lhr select * from test_index_lhr;
77241 rows created.
12:08:39 SQL> commit;
Commit complete.
Elapsed: 00:00:00.00
12:08:41 SQL>set autot traceonly explain stat
12:08:41 SQL>select? object_name from test_index_lhr where object_name is not null order by object_name;
154482 rows selected.
Elapsed: 00:00:01.18
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 1466335622
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id? | Operation????????? | Name?????????? | Rows? | Bytes |TempSpc| Cost (%CPU)| Time???? |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|?? 0 | SELECT STATEMENT?? |??????????????? |?? 155K|???? 9M||? 3078?? (1)| 00:00:37 |
|?? 1 |SORT ORDER BY|??????????????? |?? 155K|???? 9M|10M|? 3078?? (1)| 00:00:37 |
|*? 2 |?? TABLE ACCESS FULL| TEST_INDEX_LHR |?? 155K|???? 9M||?? 623?? (1)| 00:00:08 |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
2 - filter("OBJECT_NAME" IS NOT NULL)
Note
-----
- dynamic sampling used for this statement (level=2)
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
10? recursive calls
6? db block gets
2808? consistent gets
614? physical reads
34996? redo size
3787521? bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
113801? bytes received via SQL*Net from client
10300? SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
1? sorts (memory)
0? sorts (disk)
154482? rows processed
12:08:48 SQL> create index ind_test_inde on test_index_lhr(object_name) ;
Index created.
Elapsed: 00:00:02.45
12:08:58 SQL> EXEC dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(ownname => 'LHR', tabname=> 'test_index_lhr',?? cascade => TRUE );
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
Elapsed: 00:00:02.62
12:09:04 SQL> select? object_name from test_index_lhr where object_name is not null order by object_name;
154482 rows selected.
Elapsed: 00:00:01.35
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 712275200
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id? | Operation??????? | Name????????? | Rows? | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time???? |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|?? 0 | SELECT STATEMENT |?????????????? |?? 154K|? 3771K|?? 766?? (1)| 00:00:10 |
|*? 1 |? INDEX FULL SCAN | IND_TEST_INDE |?? 154K|? 3771K|?? 766?? (1)| 00:00:10 |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
1 - filter("OBJECT_NAME" IS NOT NULL)
Note
-----
- SQL plan baseline "SQL_PLAN_8kcy12j8f3s5n2a6f2b1f" used for this statement
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
704? recursive calls
64? db block gets
11715? consistent gets
37? physical reads
33236? redo size
3787521? bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
113801? bytes received via SQL*Net from client
10300? SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
0sorts (memory)
0? sorts (disk)
154482? rows processed
12:09:09 SQL> select? owner, object_name from test_index_lhr where object_name is not null order by object_name;
154482 rows selected.
Elapsed: 00:00:01.28
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 1466335622
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id? | Operation????????? | Name?????????? | Rows? | Bytes |TempSpc| Cost (%CPU)| Time???? |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|?? 0 | SELECT STATEMENT?? |??????????????? |?? 154K|? 4676K|?????? |? 1947?? (1)| 00:00:24 |
|?? 1 |? SORT ORDER BY???? |??????????????? |?? 154K|? 4676K|? 6072K|? 1947?? (1)| 00:00:24 |
|*? 2 |?? TABLE ACCESS FULL| TEST_INDEX_LHR |?? 154K|? 4676K|?????? |?? 623?? (1)| 00:00:08 |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
2 - filter("OBJECT_NAME" IS NOT NULL)
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
6? recursive calls
6? db block gets
2241? consistent gets
895? physical reads
680? redo size
4232382? bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
113801? bytes received via SQL*Net from client
10300? SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
1? sorts (memory)
0? sorts (disk)
154482? rows processed
12:09:22 SQL>select /*+index(a,IND_TEST_INDE)*/ owner,? object_name from test_index_lhrawhere object_name is not null order by object_name;
154482 rows selected.
Elapsed:00:00:09.59
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 880046030
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id? | Operation?????????????????? | Name?????????? | Rows? | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time???? |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|?? 0 | SELECT STATEMENT??????????? |??????????????? |?? 154K|? 4676K|?? 109K? (1)| 00:21:57 |
|?? 1 |? TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID| TEST_INDEX_LHR |?? 154K|? 4676K|?? 109K? (1)| 00:21:57 |
|*? 2 |?? INDEX FULL SCAN?????????? | IND_TEST_INDE? |?? 154K|?????? |?? 766?? (1)| 00:00:10 |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
2 - filter("OBJECT_NAME" IS NOT NULL)
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
6? recursive calls
4? db block gets
122955? consistent gets
2198? physical reads
724? redo size
4392715? bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
113801? bytes received via SQL*Net from client
10300? SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
0? sorts (memory)
0? sorts (disk)
154482? rows processed
12:14:23 SQL>
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