Almost all projects I worked on have been using some sort of custom caching solutions, built on top of Java Maps. A Map is not an out-of-the-box Caching solution, since a Cache is more than a key/value store. A Cache also requires:

• eviction policies
• max size limit
• persistent store
• weak references keys
• statistics

A Java Map doesn’t offer these features and you shouldn’t spend your customer’s money to write a custom cache solution either. You should choose a professional cache like?EHCache?or?Guava Cache, which are both powerful and simple to use. Those tools are constantly tested by all those projects employing them, so the code quality is higher than most custom built solutions.

A very flexible solution is the?Spring Cache abstraction. The?@Cacheableannotation allows you to separate the business logic code from the caching cross-cutting concern. The caching solution is therefore configurable and it’s not going to pollute your business methods.

Every API has a cost and caching is no different. If you cache a web service or an expensive database call, then the overhead is probably negligible. If you use a local cache for a recursive algorithm, you need to be aware of the overall caching solution overhead. Even the Spring cache abstraction has an?overhead, so make sure the benefits outweigh the costs.

If you use an?ORM?tool like Hibernate, that’s the first place where your optimization process should start from. Make sure the?fetching strategy?is properly designed, and you don’t suffer from?N+1 query problems. You could also?assert the SQL statement count?to validate the ORM generated queries.

When you’re done optimizing your ORM SQL query generation, you should check your database for slow queries. Make sure all indexes are in place and that your SQL queries are effective.
The indexes must always fit into RAM, otherwise you will hit the more expensive SSD or HDD. Your database has the ability to cache query results, so take advantage of it.

If the data set is large and the growth rate is high you could horizontally scale it on multiple?shards.

If all of those actions are not enough, you may consider a professional caching solution such as?Memcached.

When you start using a cache in front of your business layer, the data consistency constraint is being challenged. The benefits of?ACID?may be compromised if the cache is not properly synchronized with the database. This is like keeping a denormalized form of your actual data. If a root entity changes it may affect a large portion of your cache. If you discard the cache entries, all the caching benefits are lost. If you asynchronously update the cache entries you loose the strong data consistency, leaving you with an?eventual consistent?data model.