macOS下 ansible簡單安裝及基礎使用，其實命令是相通的，我這篇測試基本都是在macOS下執行的。在Linux操作系統下幾乎同樣的辦法。

ansible是一種自動化運維工具，基于Python開發，實現了批量系統配置、批量程序部署、批量運行命令等功能

我測系統環境：

OS: macOS Catalina 10.15.7

Python2個版本：我準備基于Python3來按照

? ~ which python

/usr/bin/python

? ~ /usr/bin/python -V

Python 2.7.16

? ~ /usr/local/Cellar/python@3.9/3.9.0/bin/python3 -V

Python 3.9.0

? ~ /usr/local/Cellar/python@3.9/3.9.0/bin/pip3 -V

pip 20.2.3 from /usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pip (python 3.9)

? ~ /usr/bin/pip3 -V

pip 19.2.3 from /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Library/Frameworks/Python3.framework/Versions/3.8/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pip (python 3.8

ansible可以通過源碼，yum，pip，brew等方式安裝，本文采用pip安裝方式，首先ansible基于python環境

? ~ /usr/local/Cellar/python@3.9/3.9.0/bin/pip3 -Vpip 20.2.3 from /usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pip (python 3.9)? ~ /usr/local/Cellar/python@3.9/3.9.0/bin/pip3 install ansibleCollecting ansible

ansible --version 命令 檢查安裝是否成功

? ~ /usr/local/bin/ansible --version

ansible 2.10.2

config file = None

configured module search path = ['/Users/lex/.ansible/plugins/modules', '/usr/share/ansible/plugins/modules']

ansible python module location = /usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/ansible

executable location = /usr/local/bin/ansible

python version = 3.9.0 (default, Oct 6 2020, 04:17:54) [Clang 12.0.0 (clang-1200.0.32.2)]

pip安裝是沒有config file文件的 我們可以將官網的默認文件上傳到服務器

https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ansible/ansible/devel/examples/ansible.cfg

mac下安裝后缺少 /etc/ansible 目錄，需要手動添加

sudo mkdir /etc/ansible? ansible pwd/etc/ansible? ansible ls? ansible sudo touch ansible.cfg編輯內容：? ansible cat ansible.cfg[defaults]remote_tmp = $HOME/.ansible/tmplocal_tmp = $HOME/.ansible/tmpremote_port = 22host_key_checking = Falseremote_user = rootmodule_name = commandexecutable = /bin/bashprivate_key_file = /Users/lex/.ssh/id_rsa[privilege_escalation][paramiko_connection][ssh_connection][accelerate][selinux][colors]

再次查看版本：/etc/ansible/ansible.cfg可以看到了

? ~ ansible --version

ansible 2.10.2

config file = /etc/ansible/ansible.cfg

configured module search path = ['/Users/lex/.ansible/plugins/modules', '/usr/share/ansible/plugins/modules']

ansible python module location = /usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/ansible

executable location = /usr/local/bin/ansible

python version = 3.9.0 (default, Oct 6 2020, 04:17:54) [Clang 12.0.0 (clang-1200.0.32.2)]

我來測試一個hosts，很重要的一點就是需要配置ssh打通本地主機和服務器。這里不再贅述。

/Users/lex/Downloads/docker/rancher/rancher.txt? rancher cat /Users/lex/Downloads/docker/rancher/rancher.txt# SSH Keys configuration[rancher:vars]ansible_ssh_private_key_file = /Users/lex/.ssh/id_rsaansible_ssh_user=root#My Test Rancher[rancher]10.211.55.4:2210.211.55.5:2210.211.55.6:2210.211.55.7:22

下面貼幾個常用的參數：

-m MODULE_NAME, --module-name MODULE_NAME module name to execute (default=command) -i INVENTORY, --inventory INVENTORY, --inventory-file INVENTORY specify inventory host path or comma separated host list. --inventory-file is deprecated -a MODULE_ARGS, --args MODULE_ARGS module arguments

命令開測：

? ansible -i /Users/lex/Downloads/docker/rancher/rancher.txt -m ping rancher

? ansible -i /Users/lex/Downloads/docker/rancher/rancher.txt -m ping all

? ansible -i /Users/lex/Downloads/docker/rancher/rancher.txt -m raw -a "w" rancher

結果大致如下：

0.211.55.4 | SUCCESS => { "ansible_facts": { "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python" }, "changed": false, "ping": "pong"}10.211.55.6 | SUCCESS => { "ansible_facts": { "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python" }, "changed": false, "ping": "pong"}下面是w的結果 10:36:23 up 19 min, 1 user, load average: 0.20, 0.16, 0.16USER TTY FROM LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU WHATroot pts/0 10.211.55.2 10:36 0.00s 0.01s 0.00s wShared connection to 10.211.55.6 closed.

下面簡單了解幾個模塊：

遠程命令模塊

模塊包括command、script、shell，都可以實現遠程shell命令運行。

command 是Ansible的默認模塊，可以運行遠程權限范圍內的所有shell命令

~ ansible -i /Users/lex/Downloads/docker/rancher/rancher.txt -m shell -a "df -h" rancher~ ansible all -i /Users/lex/Downloads/docker/rancher/rancher.txt -m command -a "ifconfig"~ ansible all -i /Users/lex/Downloads/docker/rancher/rancher.txt -m command -a "w"shell 是執行遠程主機的shell腳本文件ansible all -i /Users/lex/Downloads/docker/rancher/rancher.txt -m shell -a "/home/test.sh"

get_url:實現在遠程主機下載指定URL到服務器本地

ansible all -i /Users/lex/Downloads/docker/rancher/rancher.txt -m get_url -a "url=https://www.toutiao.com/i6887741380542759437/ dest=/tmp/index.html mode=0400 force=yes"

script 是在遠程主機執行主控端存儲的shell腳本文件，相當于scp+shell組合

做個測試：

? rancher chmod 755 test.sh

? rancher cat /Users/lex/Downloads/docker/rancher/test.sh

#!/bin/bash

date +%F-%T >> /tmp/abc

echo "abc" >> /tmp/abc

執行命令

ansible all -i /Users/lex/Downloads/docker/rancher/rancher.txt -m script -a "/Users/lex/Downloads/docker/rancher/test.sh"

執行OK之后可以看到服務器上有/tmp/abc生成

stat模塊

獲取遠程文件狀態信息，包括atime、ctime、mtime、md5、uid、gid等等

ansible all -i /Users/lex/Downloads/docker/rancher/rancher.txt -m stat -a "path=/tmp/test.sh"

copy模塊

實現主控端向目標主機拷貝文件，類似scp，下面例子實現拷貝/Users/lex/Downloads/docker/rancher/test.sh文件到對應的各主機的 /tmp/ 目錄下 ，并更新文件屬組及權限

ansible all -i /Users/lex/Downloads/docker/rancher/rancher.txt -m copy -a "src=/Users/lex/Downloads/docker/rancher/test.sh dest=/tmp/ owner=root group=root mode=0755"結果輸出類似：10.211.55.6 | CHANGED => { "ansible_facts": { "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python" }, "changed": true, "checksum": "0608eba2095775a66bb3de241e56fc2027b50611", "dest": "/tmp/test.sh", "gid": 0, "group": "root", "md5sum": "592b2d653b8559239bd075fedffb1c28", "mode": "0755", "owner": "root", "size": 59, "src": "/root/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1603778968.826366-45718-266518561249784/source", "state": "file", "uid": 0}

對于拷貝上去的那個文件，也可以單獨使用file模塊實現權限修改

ansible all -i /Users/lex/Downloads/docker/rancher/rancher.txt -m file -a "path=/tmp/test.sh owner=root group=root mode=0775"輸出節略：10.211.55.5 | CHANGED => { "ansible_facts": { "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python" }, "changed": true, "gid": 0, "group": "root", "mode": "0775", "owner": "root", "path": "/tmp/test.sh", "size": 59, "state": "file", "uid": 0}

yum模塊

軟件包管理操作，常見有yum、apt(pkg和name是要安裝的包名)

下面這個可以在支持apt的Linux上測試

? ansible all -i /Users/lex/Downloads/docker/rancher/rancher.txt -m apt -a "name=iptraf state=latest"

下面這個可以在支持Yum的linux主機測試。

ansible all -i /Users/lex/Downloads/docker/rancher/rancher.txt -m yum -a "name=sysstat state=latest"ansible all -i /Users/lex/Downloads/docker/rancher/rancher.txt -m yum -a "pkg=dstat state=latest"10.211.55.6 | SUCCESS => { "ansible_facts": { "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python" }, "changed": false, "changes": { "installed": [], "updated": [] }, "msg": "", "rc": 0, "results": [ "All packages providing dstat are up to date", "" ]}ansible all -i /Users/lex/Downloads/docker/rancher/rancher.txt -m yum -a "pkg=iptraf state=latest"10.211.55.5 | CHANGED => { "ansible_facts": { "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python" }, "changed": true, "changes": { "installed": [ "iptraf" ], "updated": [] }, "msg": "", "rc": 0, "results": [ "Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacksLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirrors.aliyun.com * extras: mirror.bit.edu.cn * updates: mirrors.aliyun.comResolving Dependencies--> Running transaction check---> Package iptraf-ng.x86_64 0:1.1.4-7.el7 will be installed--> Finished Dependency ResolutionDependencies Resolved================================================================================ Package Arch Version Repository Size================================================================================Installing: iptraf-ng x86_64 1.1.4-7.el7 base 301 kTransaction Summary================================================================================Install 1 PackageTotal download size: 301 kInstalled size: 644 kDownloading packages:Running transaction checkRunning transaction testTransaction test succeededRunning transaction Installing : iptraf-ng-1.1.4-7.el7.x86_64 1/1 Verifying : iptraf-ng-1.1.4-7.el7.x86_64 1/1 Installed: iptraf-ng.x86_64 0:1.1.4-7.el7 Complete!" ]}

可以看到服務器上的大概日志：

Oct 27 14:36:28 node1 systemd: Started Session 34 of user root.Oct 27 14:36:28 node1 systemd-logind: New session 34 of user root.Oct 27 14:36:29 node1 python: ansible-ansible.legacy.setup Invoked with filter=ansible_pkg_mgr gather_subset=['!all'] fact_path=/etc/ansible/facts.d gather_timeout=10Oct 27 14:36:29 node1 python: ansible-ansible.legacy.yum Invoked with lock_timeout=30 update_cache=False disable_excludes=None exclude=[] allow_downgrade=False disable_gpg_check=False conf_file=None use_backend=auto state=latest disablerepo=[] releasever=None skip_broken=False autoremove=False download_dir=None enable_plugin=[] installroot=/ install_weak_deps=True name=['sysstat'] download_only=False bugfix=False list=None install_repoquery=True update_only=False disable_plugin=[] enablerepo=[] security=False validate_certs=True

service模塊

系統服務管理

state(started/stopped/restarted/reloaded)ansible all -i /Users/lex/Downloads/docker/rancher/rancher.txt -m service -a "name=sshd state=restarted"

日志大致如下：

Oct 27 14:40:39 node1 systemd: Started Session 36 of user root.Oct 27 14:40:40 node1 python: ansible-ansible.legacy.setup Invoked with filter=ansible_service_mgr gather_subset=['!all'] fact_path=/etc/ansible/facts.d gather_timeout=10Oct 27 14:40:41 node1 python: ansible-ansible.legacy.systemd Invoked with no_block=False force=None name=sshd daemon_reexec=False enabled=None daemon_reload=False state=restarted masked=None scope=system user=NoneOct 27 14:40:41 node1 systemd: Stopping OpenSSH server daemon...Oct 27 14:40:41 node1 systemd: Stopped OpenSSH server daemon.Oct 27 14:40:41 node1 systemd: Starting OpenSSH server daemon...Oct 27 14:40:41 node1 systemd: Started OpenSSH server daemon.Oct 27 14:41:41 node1 systemd-logind: Removed session 36.

再更加詳細的使用方式。大家可以檢索的看看。

1 962 ansible controller,compute -a "systemctl status libvirtd && systemctl restart libvirtd" 1 954 ansible controller,compute -m shell -a "systemctl stop openstack-ceilometer*" 1 953 ansible controller,compute -m shell -a "systemctl start openstack-ceilometer*" 1 952 ansible controller,compute -m shell -a "systemctl stop openstack-ceilometer*" 1 951 ansible controller,compute -m shell -a "openstack-service status"

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