操作系統(tǒng)大內(nèi)核和微內(nèi)核

As we have already studied about the Kernels, we know that the Kernel is a program which is the main component of the Operating System. Now let us study about the types of Kernels.

正如我們已經(jīng)研究了內(nèi)核一樣 ，我們知道內(nèi)核是一個(gè)程序，它是操作系統(tǒng)的主要組件。 現(xiàn)在讓我們研究內(nèi)核的類型。

內(nèi)核類型 (Types of kernels )

A Kernel is classified into two main types:

內(nèi)核分為兩種主要類型：

Monolithic Kernel

整體內(nèi)核

Micro Kernel

微內(nèi)核

One more type of Kernel exists which is the combination of these two types of kernels and is known as the Hybrid Kernel.

存在另一種類型的內(nèi)核，這是這兩種類型的內(nèi)核的組合，稱為混合內(nèi)核 。

Let us study each of them in brief...

讓我們簡短地研究它們中的每一個(gè)...

1)整體內(nèi)核 (1) Monolithic Kernel)

In this type of Kernel architecture, all the functions, like Process Management, Memory management, interrupt handling, etc. are performed in the Kernel space.

在這種類型的內(nèi)核體系結(jié)構(gòu)中，所有功能(如進(jìn)程管理，內(nèi)存管理，中斷處理等)都在內(nèi)核空間中執(zhí)行。

The monolithic Kernels first consisted of only one module, and this module was responsible for all the functions that were performed by the Kernel. This increased the performance of the OS as all the functions were present inside the same module, but this also led to serious drawbacks like large size of the Kernel, very low reliability because even if a single function of the Kernel failed, this led to the failure of the entire Kernel Program, and poor maintenance, due to the same reason. So, to increase the performance of the system, a modular approach was made in the Monolithic kernels in which each function was present in a different Module inside the Kernel Space. So, for fixing any bugs or in case of failure, only that particular module was unloaded and loaded after fixing.

整體式內(nèi)核首先僅包含一個(gè)模塊，而該模塊負(fù)責(zé)內(nèi)核所執(zhí)行的所有功能。 由于所有功能都存在于同一模塊中，因此提高了OS的性能，但這也導(dǎo)致了嚴(yán)重的缺陷，例如內(nèi)核的尺寸過大，可靠性非常低，因?yàn)榧词箖?nèi)核的單個(gè)功能失敗，這也會(huì)導(dǎo)致由于相同的原因，整個(gè)內(nèi)核程序都會(huì)失敗，并且維護(hù)不善。 因此，為了提高系統(tǒng)性能，在Monolithic內(nèi)核中采用了模塊化方法，其中每個(gè)功能都存在于內(nèi)核空間內(nèi)的不同模塊中。 因此，對(duì)于修復(fù)任何錯(cuò)誤或出現(xiàn)故障的情況，修復(fù)后僅卸載和加載該特定模塊。

2)微內(nèi)核 (2) Micro Kernels)

In this type of Kernel architecture, the basic user services like device driver management, protocol stack management, File system management and graphics control are present in the Userspace, and the rest functions lie Memory management, Process management is present inside the Kernel space. So, whenever the system has the requirement of services present in the Kernel space, the OS switches to the Kernel Mode, and for the user level services, it switches to the User Mode. This type of Kernel Architecture reduces the size of the Kernel, but the speed of executing processes and providing other services is much slower than the Monolithic Kernels.

在這種類型的內(nèi)核體系結(jié)構(gòu)中，基本的用戶服務(wù)(如設(shè)備驅(qū)動(dòng)程序管理，協(xié)議棧管理，文件系統(tǒng)管理和圖形控制)位于用戶空間中，其余功能位于內(nèi)存管理中，進(jìn)程管理位于內(nèi)核空間中。 因此，每當(dāng)系統(tǒng)需要內(nèi)核空間中存在的服務(wù)需求時(shí)，OS就會(huì)切換到內(nèi)核模式，而對(duì)于用戶級(jí)服務(wù)，它將切換到用戶模式。 這種類型的內(nèi)核體系結(jié)構(gòu)減小了內(nèi)核的大小，但是執(zhí)行進(jìn)程和提供其他服務(wù)的速度比Monolithic內(nèi)核要慢得多。

3 *)混合內(nèi)核 (3*) Hybrid Kernel)

For the best performance of the system, we require both high speed and small size of the kernel so that our system may have the maximum efficiency. So, to meet this, a new type of Kernel was designed which was somewhat a combination of the Monolithic Kernel and the MicroKernel. This type of Kernel is known as the Hybrid Kernel. Such type of Architecture is being used in almost all systems which are being manufactured nowadays.

為了使系統(tǒng)達(dá)到最佳性能，我們需要高速且小尺寸的內(nèi)核，以使我們的系統(tǒng)具有最大的效率。 因此，為了解決這個(gè)問題，設(shè)計(jì)了一種新型內(nèi)核，某種程度上是整體內(nèi)核和微內(nèi)核的組合。 這種類型的內(nèi)核稱為混合內(nèi)核。 這種類型的體系結(jié)構(gòu)已在當(dāng)今正在制造的幾乎所有系統(tǒng)中使用。

翻譯自: https://www.includehelp.com/operating-systems/types-of-kernels.aspx

操作系統(tǒng)大內(nèi)核和微內(nèi)核

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