密碼學(xué)常用的算法填充模式

Modes of operation of a block cipher are procedural rules for a generic block cipher. The different modes of operation result in different properties being achieved which add to the security of the underlying block cipher in the cryptography.

分組密碼的操作模式是通用分組密碼的程序規(guī)則。 不同的操作模式導(dǎo)致獲得不同的屬性，這增加了密碼學(xué)中基礎(chǔ)塊密碼的安全性。

The block cipher processes the data blocks of fixed size in the character. Eventually, the size of a message is larger than the block size in the modes. Hence, the long message is divided into a series of sequential message blocks which divides it into blocks, and the cipher operates on these blocks one at a time in the cryptography.

塊密碼處理字符中固定大小的數(shù)據(jù)塊。 最終，消息的大小大于模式中的塊大小。 因此，長(zhǎng)消息被分為一系列連續(xù)的消息塊，這些消息塊將其分成多個(gè)塊，并且密碼在密碼學(xué)中一次對(duì)這些塊進(jìn)行操作。

操作方式類型 (Types of mode of operations)

There are 5 types of mode of operation,

有5種操作模式，

Electronic CodeBook (ECB).

電子密碼簿(ECB)。

Cipher Block Chaining (CBC).

密碼塊鏈接(CBC)。

Cipher feedback (CFB).

密碼反饋(CFB)。

Output Feedback (OFB).

輸出反饋(OFB)。

Counter Mode (CTR).

計(jì)數(shù)器模式(CTR)。

1)電子密碼本(ECB) (1) Electronic Codebook (ECB))

This Electronic Code Book (ECB) is cryptography as a mode of operation for a block cipher, with the characters the main things that every feasible block of plaintext or an original text has a corresponding characteristic of ciphertext value and vice versa. In other words, the same or main plaintext or original value will always result or work in the same ciphertext value. Electronic Code Book(ECB) is used when a volume or character of plaintext is separated or divided into several blocks of data, each or every of which is then encrypted independently divides it into other blocks.

這種電子密碼書(ECB)是一種密碼術(shù)，是一種用于分組密碼的操作模式，其特征是，每個(gè)可行的明文或原始文本塊均具有對(duì)應(yīng)的密文值特征，反之亦然。 換句話說(shuō)，相同或主要的明文或原始值將始終產(chǎn)生或使用相同的密文值。 電子卷書(ECB)用于將明文的卷或字符分開或分成幾個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)塊，然后分別加密每個(gè)或每個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)塊將其分成其他塊。

2)密碼塊鏈接(CBC) (2) Cipher Block Chaining (CBC))

This is a Cipher block chaining (CBC) is a cryptography mode of operation for a block cipher (one in which a sequence of bits are encrypted as a single unit or a block with a ciphertext or encrypted key applied to the entire block of the cryptography). Cipher block chaining uses what is known as an initialization vector (IV) of a certain length of a character. There are one of its key characteristics is that it uses chaining the working mechanism that causes the decryption of a block of ciphertext to depend on all the preceding ciphertext blocks. As a result, the entire validity of all preceding blocks is contained in the cryptography immediately previous ciphertext block.

這是密碼塊鏈接(CBC)，是一種用于塊密碼的加密操作模式(一種加密模式，其中位序列被加密為單個(gè)單元，或者是將塊密碼或加密密鑰應(yīng)用于加密的整個(gè)塊的塊)。 密碼塊鏈接使用某個(gè)字符長(zhǎng)度的所謂的初始化向量(IV)。 它的主要特征之一是它使用鏈接工作機(jī)制，該機(jī)制導(dǎo)致密文塊的解密依賴于所有前面的密文塊。 結(jié)果，所有先前塊的全部有效性都包含在密碼術(shù)緊接前的密文塊中。

3)密碼回饋模式(CFB) (3) Cipher Feedback Mode (CFB))

This is Ciphertext feedback (CFB) which is also a mode of operation for a block cipher. In contrast to the cipher block chaining(CBC) mode, which encrypts a set number of bits of plaintext or original text at a time, it is at times desirable or sensible to encrypt and transfer or exchange some plaintext or original text values instantly one at a time, for which ciphertext feedback is a method in cryptography. Like cipher block chaining(CBC), ciphertext feedback(cfb) also makes use of an initialization vector (IV) in the blocks.

這是密文反饋(CFB)，也是塊密碼的一種操作模式。 與一次加密一定數(shù)量的純文本或原始文本的密碼塊鏈接(CBC)模式相反，有時(shí)希望或明智的做法是立即加密并傳輸或交換某些純文本或原始文本值。時(shí)間，密文反饋是密碼學(xué)中的一種方法。 像密碼塊鏈接(CBC)一樣，密文反饋(cfb)也使用了塊中的初始化向量(IV)。

4)輸出反饋模式(OFB) (4) Output Feedback Mode (OFB))

This is an output feedback (OFB) mode that is similar in structure to that of CFB in cryptography. It is the output of the encryption function that is fed back to the shift register in OFB in the cryptography, whereas in CFB in the mode of blocks, the ciphertext unit is fed back to the shift register in the block. The other difference is that the OFB mode operates on full blocks of plaintext or original text and ciphertext, not on an s-bit subset of character.

這是一種輸出反饋(OFB)模式，其結(jié)構(gòu)與密碼學(xué)中的CFB相似。 加密功能的輸出被反饋到密碼術(shù)中的OFB中的移位寄存器，而在CFB中，在塊模式下，密文單元被反饋到塊中的移位寄存器。 另一個(gè)區(qū)別是，OFB模式對(duì)純文本或原始文本和密文的完整塊進(jìn)行操作，而不對(duì)字符的s位子集進(jìn)行操作。

5)計(jì)數(shù)器模式(CTR) (5) Counter Mode (CTR))

The Counter Mode or CTR is a simple counter based block cipher implementation in cryptography. Each or every time a counter initiated value is encrypted and given as input to XOR with plaintext or original text which results in ciphertext block. The CTR mode is independent of feedback use and thus can be implemented in parallel in this mode. It generates the next keystream block by encrypting successive values as named as "counter". This counter can be any purpose or function which generates a sequence that is guaranteed not to call for a long time, although an actual increment-by-one counter is the simplest or easiest and most popular or famous.

計(jì)數(shù)器模式或CTR是密碼術(shù)中基于計(jì)數(shù)器的簡(jiǎn)單的塊密碼實(shí)現(xiàn)。 每次或每次對(duì)計(jì)數(shù)器的初始值進(jìn)行加密，并以純文本或原始文本作為XOR的輸入時(shí)，都會(huì)產(chǎn)生密文塊。 CTR模式與反饋的使用無(wú)關(guān)，因此可以在此模式下并行實(shí)現(xiàn)。 它通過(guò)加密稱為“計(jì)數(shù)器”的連續(xù)值來(lái)生成下一個(gè)密鑰流塊。 該計(jì)數(shù)器可以是生成序列的任何目的或功能，該序列可以保證長(zhǎng)時(shí)間不調(diào)用，盡管實(shí)際的逐一遞增計(jì)數(shù)器是最簡(jiǎn)單，最簡(jiǎn)單，最受歡迎或最受歡迎的。

翻譯自: https://www.includehelp.com/cryptography/mode-of-operation.aspx

密碼學(xué)常用的算法填充模式

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