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python的requests用法详解

發(fā)布時(shí)間：2024/8/24 综合教程 33 生活家

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python接口測試Requests用法詳解

Requests是一個(gè)Python語言寫的http相關(guān)設(shè)置或者請求的一個(gè)庫

安裝：pip install Requests或者pip3 install requests

使用的時(shí)候要import requests

http://httpbin.org/：這個(gè)鏈接可以用來檢查你請求的鏈接返回的內(nèi)容，輸出的是你請求的基本內(nèi)容，可以用來測試驗(yàn)證

get請求

1.基本get請求的寫法：

import requests

response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get")

print(response.text)

打印出你的請求頭，請求鏈接，IP地址等

2.帶參數(shù)的get請求(在鏈接的后面加上問號再加參數(shù))：

Response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get?name=germey&age=22")

# 還有一種方式：就是先定義一個(gè)字典，然后調(diào)用get方法的時(shí)候，將字典賦值給給params參數(shù)

data = {

‘name’:’germey’,

‘age’:22

}

response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get",params=data)

print(response.text)

3.解析json

Json用來保存一些鍵值對組成的數(shù)據(jù)，用于數(shù)據(jù)交換，也可用于前后端之間互相傳遞數(shù)據(jù)，比如前端發(fā)起請求，調(diào)用接口，后端返回一串json數(shù)據(jù)，處理數(shù)據(jù)，渲染到頁面上。

Request模塊中也有解析json的方法：

import requests

response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get")

print(type(response.text))

print(response.json())

print(type(response.json()))

還可以這樣寫：

Import requests

Import json

response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get")

#和request.json()是一個(gè)意思，都是打印出一個(gè)字典數(shù)據(jù)，這個(gè)json()方法也是調(diào)用了json的loads方法

print(json.loads(requests.test()))

4.獲取二進(jìn)制數(shù)據(jù)

一般用來下載圖片、視頻等

response = requests.get("http://github.com/favicon.ico")   #將要下載的圖片鏈接放這

print(type(response.text),type(response.content))  #類型分別是str和bytes

print(response.text)

print(response.content)     #獲取二進(jìn)制數(shù)據(jù)的方法

圖片的二進(jìn)制數(shù)據(jù)獲取到后怎么保存呢？

import requests

response = requests.get("http://github.com/favicon.ico")

with open("favicon.ico","wb") as f:

    f.write(response.content)

    f.close()

5.添加headers

有時(shí)候不加headers發(fā)請求的時(shí)候會直接被拒絕或者服務(wù)器錯(cuò)誤等，加上headers就可以了。

比如下面這段會報(bào)500錯(cuò)誤：

response = requests.get("https://www.zhihu.com/expiore")

print(response.text)

此時(shí)需要添加一個(gè)headers：

1 headers = {
2 
3 "User-Agent":"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/41.0.2272.118 Safari/537.36"
4 
5 }
6 
7 response = requests.get("https://www.zhihu.com/expiore",headers=headers)
8 
9 print(response.text)

基本post請求，和get請求類似

6.需要的表單數(shù)據(jù)也用一個(gè)字典存起來給data參數(shù)，headers和get方法一樣

Import requests

headers = {

"User-Agent":"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/41.0.2272.118 Safari/537.36"

}

data = {

‘name’:’germey’,

‘age’:22

}

# 需要注意和get方法不同的是如果有參數(shù)用的是data=而不是params=

response = requests.post("https://www.zhihu.com/expiore",data = data,headers = headers)

print(response.json())

響應(yīng)

7.response屬性

response = requests.post("https://www.jianshu.com")

print(type(response.status_code),response.status_code)

print(type(response.headers),response.headers)

print(type(response.cookies),response.cookies)

print(type(response.url),response.url)

print(type(response.history),response.history)   #歷史記錄

8.狀態(tài)碼判斷

1 response = requests.post("https://www.jianshu.com")
2 
3 exit() if not response.status_code==200 else print("request sucessfully")
4 
5 或者可以寫成：
6 
7 exit() if not response.status_code==request.codes.ok else print("request sucessfully")

狀態(tài)碼和request.codes列表中的英文狀態(tài)對應(yīng)表

狀態(tài)碼	英文
100	("continue",)
101	("switching_protocols")
102	("processing",)
103	("checkpoint",)
122	("url_too_long","request_url_too_long")
200	("ok","okay","all_ok","all_good",\o/,"√")
201	("created",)
202	("accepted",)
203	("non_authoritative_info","non_authoritative_information")
204	("no_content",)
205	("reset_content","reset")
206	("partial_content","partial")
207	("multi_status","multiple_status","multi_stati","multiple_stati")
208	("already_reported",)
300	("multiple_choices",)
301	("moved_permanentiy","moved","\o-")
302	("found",)
303	("see_other","other")
304	("not_modified")
305	("use_proxy")
306	("switch_proxy")
307	("temporary_redirect","remporary_moved","temporary")
308	("permanent_redirect","resume_incomplete","resume")
400	("bad_request","bad")
401	("unauthorized",)
402	("payment_required","payment")
403	("forbidden",)
404	("not_found","-o-")
405	("method_not_allowed","not_allowed")
406	("not_acceptable",)
407	("proxy_authentication_required","proxy_auth","proxy_authentication")
408	("request_timeout","timeout")
409	("conflict",)
410	("gone",)
411	("length_required",)
412	("precondition_falled","precondition")
413	("request_entity_too_large",)
414	("request_uril_too_large",)
415	("unsupported_media_type","unsupported_media","media_type")
416	("requested_range_not_satisfiable"," requested_range"," range_not_satisfiable")
417	("expectation_failed",)
418	("im_a_teapot","teapot","i_am_a_teapot")
421	("misdirected_request",)
422	("unprocessable_entity","unprocessable")
423	("locked",)
424	("failed_dependency","dependency")
425	("unordered_collection","unordered")
426	("upgrade_required","upgrade")
428	("precondition_required","precondition")
429	("too_many_requests","too_mary")
431	("header_fields_too_large"," fields_too_large")
444	("no_response","none")
449	("retry_with","retry")
450	("unavallable_for_legal_reasons","parental_controls")
451	("unavallable_for_legal_reasons","legal_reasons")
499	("client_closed_request",)
500	("internal_server_error","server_error","/o\","×")
501	("not_implemented",)
502	("bad_gateway",)
503	("service_unavaliable","unavaliable")
504	("gateway_timeout")
505	("http_version_not_supported","http_version")
506	("variant_also_negotiates",)
507	("insufficient_storage",)
509	("bandwidth_limit_exceeded","bandwidth")
510	("not_extended",)
511	("network_authentication_required","network_auth","network_authentication")

request的高級操作

文件上傳

1 import requests
2 
3 files = {"file":open("test.png",'rb')}
4 
5 response = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post",files=files)   #需要用post方法
6 
7 print(response.text)

text返回的files是一個(gè)文件字節(jié)流

獲取cookie

1 response = requests.get("http://www.baidu.com")
2 
3 print(response.cookies)
4 
5 for key,value in response.cookies.items():
6 
7 print(key + "=" + value)

會話維持：用來模擬登錄

1 requests.get("http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/1234")   #調(diào)用cookies的set方法設(shè)置cookies
2 
3 response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/cookies")  #獲取cookies
4 
5 print(response.cookies)

這樣結(jié)果出來是空的，因?yàn)槟阏埱罅藘纱蝕et方法，等于是兩個(gè)瀏覽器各自請求

修改一下：

1 s = requests.Session()
2 
3 s.get("http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/1234")
4 
5 response = s.get("http://httpbin.org/cookies")
6 
7 print(response.text)

證書驗(yàn)證

#這個(gè)12306的證書是一個(gè)不安全的，直接請求會報(bào)錯(cuò)：SSL error證書錯(cuò)誤
response = requests.get("http://www.12306.cn")

# 這樣改之后就返回200ok了，但是會有警告

 response = requests.get("http://www.12306.cn",verfiy=False)

再修改：

1 from requests.packages import urllib3
2 
3 urllib3.disable_warnings()
4 
5 response = requests.get("http://www.12306.cn",verfiy=False)
6 
7 print(response.text)

這樣就沒有警告了

代理設(shè)置

設(shè)置http或者h(yuǎn)ttps代理，并且沒有用戶名密碼的情況下：

 1 Import requests
 2 
 3 proxies = {
 4 
 5 "http":"http://127.0.0.1:9743/",
 6 
 7 "https":"https://127.0.0.1:9743/"
 8 
 9 }
10 
11 response = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com",proxies=proxies)
12 
13 print(response.status_code)

設(shè)置http或者h(yuǎn)ttps代理，有用戶名密碼

proxies = {

"http":" http://user：password@ 127.0.0.1:9743/"

}

response = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com",proxies=proxies)

print(response.status_code)

如果代理不是http或者h(yuǎn)ttps，是socks4或者socks5，則字典的鍵值還是http，但是值變了：

首先需要pip install "requests[socks]"

Import requests

proxies = {

"http":"socks5://127.0.0.1:9743/",

"https":"socks5://127.0.0.1:9743/"

}

response = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com",proxies=proxies)

print(response.status_code)

超時(shí)設(shè)置

import requests

response = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com",timeout=1)  #設(shè)置超過1秒就算超時(shí)

print(response.status_code)

超時(shí)以后會報(bào)一個(gè)異常：ReadTimeout

可以使用try捕獲異常，修改代碼為：

Import requests

from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout

try：

　　response = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com",timeout=1)  #設(shè)置超過1秒就算超時(shí)

　　print(response.status_code)

except ReadTimeout：

    print("timeout")

認(rèn)證設(shè)置

有寫網(wǎng)址需要用戶名密碼登錄后才可以看到內(nèi)容，則：

import requests

from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth

r = requests.get("http://120.27.34.24:9001",auth=HTTPBasicAuth("user","123"))

print(r.status_code)

或者第二種寫法：

Import requests

 

r=requests.get("http://120.27.34.24:9001",auth= ("user","123"))

print(r.status_code)

異常處理

import requests

from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout,HTTPError,ConnectionError,RequestException

try:
    response = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com",timeout=1)
    print(response.status_code)
except ReadTimeout:
    print("timeout")
except HTTPError:           #http異常
    print("http error")
except ConnectionError:       #網(wǎng)絡(luò)不好
    print("ConnectionError")
except RequestException:    #父類異常
    print("error")

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