2.requests模塊方法

requests是基于Python開發的HTTP庫，使用Requests可以輕而易舉的完成瀏覽器可有的任何操作。

• request.get()
• request.post()

• request.put()

• 以上方法均是在此方法的基礎上構建requests.request(method, url, **kwargs)
  • method 包括 psot、get、put等等
  • **kwargs 包括常用參數
    • url = ‘’,
    • params = {'k1':'v1','k2','v2'}, # get方法僅限的參數傳遞方式
    • cookies = {},
    • headers = {}, # 請求頭
    • data = {}, # post等請求參數傳遞
    • json = {}, # json數據參數

2.1 requests.get

requests.get(url='xxx',params={'k1':'v1','nid':888},cookies={},headers={}, )# http://www.baidu.com?k1=v2&nid=888

2.2 requests.post

requests.post(url='xxx',params={'k1':'v1','nid':888},cookies={},# dataheaders={'content-type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'},data={},# json# headers={'content-type': 'application/json'},# json={} )

其他參數

auth身份驗證

def param_auth():from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth, HTTPDigestAuthret = requests.get('https://api.github.com/user', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('wupeiqi', 'sdfasdfasdf'))print(ret.text)# ret = requests.get('http://192.168.1.1',# auth=HTTPBasicAuth('admin', 'admin'))# ret.encoding = 'gbk'# print(ret.text)# ret = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/digest-auth/auth/user/pass', auth=HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass'))# print(ret)

allow_redirects 重定向（控制是否url跳轉）

def param_allow_redirects():ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', allow_redirects=False)print(ret.text)

stream 流 （true相應內容按流式下載）

def param_stream():ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', stream=True)print(ret.content)ret.close()# from contextlib import closing# with closing(requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get', stream=True)) as r:# # 在此處理響應。# for i in r.iter_content():# print(i)

cert 是否攜帶證書(證書名)

requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get',cert="xxxx.pem")

session

此處的session并非之前所學session，
此處的session，是個容器，攜帶所有請求頭、體等等,
所以，我們每次requests請求時，都需要cookies等手動添加請求中，
利用session可以自動攜帶cookies、session等信息發送請求

session = requests.Session() session.post(url,data={}) # 省略cookies=cookie# response_ = requests.post(url,data={},cookies=cookie)

3.BeautifulSoup模塊方法

BeautifulSoup是一個模塊，該模塊用于接收一個HTML或XML字符串，然后將其進行格式化，之后遍可以使用他提供的方法進行快速查找指定元素，從而使得在HTML或XML中查找指定元素變得簡單。

from bs4.Element import Tag

1，name 標簽名

# tag = soup.find('a') # name = tag.name # 獲取 # print(name) # tag.name = 'span' # 設置 # print(soup)

2，attr 屬性標簽

# tag = soup.find('a') # attrs = tag.attrs # 獲取 # print(attrs) # tag.attrs = {'ik':123} # 設置 # tag.attrs['id'] = 'iiiii' # 設置 # print(soup)

3，children,所有子標簽

# body = soup.find('body') # v = body.children

4, children,所有后代標簽

# body = soup.find('body') # v = body.descendants

5, clear,將標簽的所有子標簽全部清空（保留標簽名）

# tag = soup.find('body') # tag.clear() # print(soup)

10, find,獲取匹配的第一個標簽

# tag = soup.find('a') # print(tag) # tag = soup.find(name='a', attrs={'class': 'sister'}, recursive=True, text='Lacie') # tag = soup.find(name='a', class_='sister', recursive=True, text='Lacie') # print(tag)

11, find_all,獲取匹配的所有標簽

# tags = soup.find_all('a') # print(tags)# tags = soup.find_all('a',limit=1) # print(tags)# tags = soup.find_all(name='a', attrs={'class': 'sister'}, recursive=True, text='Lacie') # # tags = soup.find(name='a', class_='sister', recursive=True, text='Lacie') # print(tags)# ####### 列表 ####### # v = soup.find_all(name=['a','div']) # print(v)# v = soup.find_all(class_=['sister0', 'sister']) # print(v)# v = soup.find_all(text=['Tillie']) # print(v, type(v[0]))# v = soup.find_all(id=['link1','link2']) # print(v)# v = soup.find_all(href=['link1','link2']) # print(v)# ####### 正則 ####### import re # rep = re.compile('p') # rep = re.compile('^p') # v = soup.find_all(name=rep) # print(v)# rep = re.compile('sister.*') # v = soup.find_all(class_=rep) # print(v)# rep = re.compile('http://www.oldboy.com/static/.*') # v = soup.find_all(href=rep) # print(v)# ####### 方法篩選 ####### # def func(tag): # return tag.has_attr('class') and tag.has_attr('id') # v = soup.find_all(name=func) # print(v)# ## get,獲取標簽屬性 # tag = soup.find('a') # v = tag.get('id') # print(v)

12, has_attr,檢查標簽是否具有該屬性

# tag = soup.find('a') # v = tag.has_attr('id') # print(v)

13, get_text,獲取標簽內部文本內容

# tag = soup.find('a') # v = tag.get_text('id') # print(v)

16, 當前的關聯標簽

# soup.next # soup.next_element # soup.next_elements # soup.next_sibling # soup.next_siblings# # tag.previous # tag.previous_element # tag.previous_elements # tag.previous_sibling # tag.previous_siblings# # tag.parent # tag.parents

17, 查找某標簽的關聯標簽

# tag.find_next(...) # tag.find_all_next(...) # tag.find_next_sibling(...) # tag.find_next_siblings(...)# tag.find_previous(...) # tag.find_all_previous(...) # tag.find_previous_sibling(...) # tag.find_previous_siblings(...)# tag.find_parent(...) # tag.find_parents(...)# 參數同find_all

20, append在當前標簽內部追加一個標簽

# tag = soup.find('body') # tag.append(soup.find('a')) # print(soup) # # from bs4.element import Tag # obj = Tag(name='i',attrs={'id': 'it'}) # obj.string = '我是一個新來的' # tag = soup.find('body') # tag.append(obj) # print(soup)

21, insert在當前標簽內部指定位置插入一個標簽

# from bs4.element import Tag # obj = Tag(name='i', attrs={'id': 'it'}) # obj.string = '我是一個新來的' # tag = soup.find('body') # tag.insert(2, obj) # print(soup)

22, insert_after,insert_before 在當前標簽后面或前面插入

# from bs4.element import Tag # obj = Tag(name='i', attrs={'id': 'it'}) # obj.string = '我是一個新來的' # tag = soup.find('body') # # tag.insert_before(obj) # tag.insert_after(obj) # print(soup)

23, replace_with 在當前標簽替換為指定標簽

# from bs4.element import Tag # obj = Tag(name='i', attrs={'id': 'it'}) # obj.string = '我是一個新來的' # tag = soup.find('div') # tag.replace_with(obj) # print(soup)

24, 創建標簽之間的關系

# tag = soup.find('div') # a = soup.find('a') # tag.setup(previous_sibling=a) # print(tag.previous_sibling)

轉載于:https://www.cnblogs.com/sunqim16/p/7445511.html

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