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PHP高级编程之消息队列

發(fā)布時(shí)間:2024/6/3 php 38 豆豆
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1.?什么是消息隊(duì)列

消息隊(duì)列(英語(yǔ):Message queue)是一種進(jìn)程間通信或同一進(jìn)程的不同線(xiàn)程間的通信方式

2.?為什么使用消息隊(duì)列

消息隊(duì)列技術(shù)是分布式應(yīng)用間交換信息的一種技術(shù)。消息隊(duì)列可駐留在內(nèi)存或磁盤(pán)上,隊(duì)列存儲(chǔ)消息直到它們被應(yīng)用程序讀出。通過(guò)消息隊(duì)列,應(yīng)用程序可獨(dú)立地執(zhí)行,它們不需要知道彼此的位置、或在繼續(xù)執(zhí)行前不需要等待接收程序接收此消息。

3.?什么場(chǎng)合使用消息隊(duì)列

你首先需要弄清楚,消息隊(duì)列與遠(yuǎn)程過(guò)程調(diào)用的區(qū)別,在很多讀者咨詢(xún)我的時(shí)候,我發(fā)現(xiàn)他們需要的是RPC(遠(yuǎn)程過(guò)程調(diào)用),而不是消息隊(duì)列。

消息隊(duì)列有同步或異步實(shí)現(xiàn)方式,通常我們采用異步方式使用消息隊(duì)列,遠(yuǎn)程過(guò)程調(diào)用多采用同步方式。

MQ與RPC有什么不同? MQ通常傳遞無(wú)規(guī)則協(xié)議,這個(gè)協(xié)議由用戶(hù)定義并且實(shí)現(xiàn)存儲(chǔ)轉(zhuǎn)發(fā);而RPC通常是專(zhuān)用協(xié)議,調(diào)用過(guò)程返回結(jié)果。

4.?什么時(shí)候使用消息隊(duì)列

同步需求,遠(yuǎn)程過(guò)程調(diào)用(PRC)更適合你。

異步需求,消息隊(duì)列更適合你。

目前很多消息隊(duì)列軟件同時(shí)支持RPC功能,很多RPC系統(tǒng)也能異步調(diào)用。

消息隊(duì)列用來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)下列需求
  • 存儲(chǔ)轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)

  • 分布式事務(wù)

  • 發(fā)布訂閱

  • 基于內(nèi)容的路由

  • 點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)連接

  • 5.?誰(shuí)負(fù)責(zé)處理消息隊(duì)列

    通常的做法,如果小的項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)可以有一個(gè)人實(shí)現(xiàn),包括消息的推送,接收處理。如果大型團(tuán)隊(duì),通常是定義好消息協(xié)議,然后各自開(kāi)發(fā)各自的部分,例如一個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)負(fù)責(zé)寫(xiě)推送協(xié)議部分,另一個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)負(fù)責(zé)寫(xiě)接收與處理部分。

    那么為什么我們不講消息隊(duì)列框架化呢?

    框架化有幾個(gè)好處:
  • 開(kāi)發(fā)者不用學(xué)習(xí)消息隊(duì)列接口
  • 開(kāi)發(fā)者不需要關(guān)心消息推送與接收
  • 開(kāi)發(fā)者通過(guò)統(tǒng)一的API推送消息
  • 開(kāi)發(fā)者的重點(diǎn)是實(shí)現(xiàn)業(yè)務(wù)邏輯功能
  • 6.?怎么實(shí)現(xiàn)消息隊(duì)列框架

    下面是作者開(kāi)發(fā)的一個(gè)SOA框架,該框架提供了三種接口,分別是SOAP,RESTful,AMQP(RabbitMQ),理解了該框架思想,你很容易進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)展,例如增加X(jué)ML-RPC, ZeroMQ等等支持。

    https://github.com/netkiller/SOA

    本文只講消息隊(duì)列框架部分。

    6.1.?守護(hù)進(jìn)程

    消息隊(duì)列框架是本地應(yīng)用程序(命令行程序),我們?yōu)榱俗屗诤笈_(tái)運(yùn)行,需要實(shí)現(xiàn)守護(hù)進(jìn)程。

    https://github.com/netkiller/SOA/blob/master/bin/rabbitmq.php

    每個(gè)實(shí)例處理一組隊(duì)列,實(shí)例化需要提供三個(gè)參數(shù),$queueName = '隊(duì)列名', $exchangeName = '交換名', $routeKey = '路由'

    $daemon = new \framework\RabbitDaemon($queueName = 'email', $exchangeName = 'email', $routeKey = 'email');

    守護(hù)進(jìn)程需要使用root用戶(hù)運(yùn)行,運(yùn)行后會(huì)切換到普通用戶(hù),同時(shí)創(chuàng)建進(jìn)程ID文件,以便進(jìn)程停止的時(shí)候使用。

    守護(hù)進(jìn)程核心代碼https://github.com/netkiller/SOA/blob/master/system/rabbitdaemon.class.php

    6.2.?消息隊(duì)列協(xié)議

    消息協(xié)議是一個(gè)數(shù)組,將數(shù)組序列化或者轉(zhuǎn)為JSON推送到消息隊(duì)列服務(wù)器,這里使用json格式的協(xié)議。

    $msg = array('Namespace'=>'namespace',"Class"=>"Email","Method"=>"smtp","Param" => array($mail, $subject, $message, null) );

    序列化后的協(xié)議

    {"Namespace":"single","Class":"Email","Method":"smtp","Param":["netkiller@msn.com","Hello"," TestHelloWorld",null]}

    使用json格式是考慮到通用性,這樣推送端可以使用任何語(yǔ)言。如果不考慮兼容,建議使用二進(jìn)制序列化,例如msgpack效率更好。

    6.3.?消息隊(duì)列處理

    消息隊(duì)列處理核心代碼

    https://github.com/netkiller/SOA/blob/master/system/rabbitmq.class.php

    所以消息的處理在下面一段代碼中進(jìn)行

    $this->queue->consume(function($envelope, $queue) {$speed = microtime(true);$msg = $envelope->getBody();$result = $this->loader($msg);$queue->ack($envelope->getDeliveryTag()); //手動(dòng)發(fā)送ACK應(yīng)答//$this->logging->info(''.$msg.' '.$result)$this->logging->debug('Protocol: '.$msg.' ');$this->logging->debug('Result: '. $result.' ');$this->logging->debug('Time: '. (microtime(true) - $speed) .''); });

    public function loader($msg = null) 負(fù)責(zé)拆解協(xié)議,然后載入對(duì)應(yīng)的類(lèi)文件,傳遞參數(shù),運(yùn)行方法,反饋結(jié)果。

    Time 可以輸出程序運(yùn)行所花費(fèi)的時(shí)間,對(duì)于后期優(yōu)化十分有用。

    提示

    loader() 可以進(jìn)一步優(yōu)化,使用多線(xiàn)程每次調(diào)用loader將任務(wù)提交到線(xiàn)程池中,這樣便可以多線(xiàn)程處理消息隊(duì)列。

    6.4.?測(cè)試

    測(cè)試代碼?https://github.com/netkiller/SOA/blob/master/test/queue/email.php

    <?php $queueName = 'example'; $exchangeName = 'email'; $routeKey = 'email'; $mail = $argv[1]; $subject = $argv[2]; $message = empty($argv[3]) ? 'Hello World!' : ' '.$argv[3];$connection = new AMQPConnection(array('host' => '192.168.4.1', 'port' => '5672', 'vhost' => '/', 'login' => 'guest', 'password' => 'guest')); $connection->connect() or die("Cannot connect to the broker!\n");$channel = new AMQPChannel($connection); $exchange = new AMQPExchange($channel); $exchange->setName($exchangeName); $queue = new AMQPQueue($channel); $queue->setName($queueName); $queue->setFlags(AMQP_DURABLE); $queue->declareQueue();$msg = array('Namespace'=>'namespace',"Class"=>"Email","Method"=>"smtp","Param" => array($mail, $subject, $message, null) );$exchange->publish(json_encode($msg), $routeKey); printf("[x] Sent %s \r\n", json_encode($msg));$connection->disconnect();

    這里只給出了少量測(cè)試與演示程序,如有疑問(wèn)請(qǐng)到瀆者群,或者公眾號(hào)詢(xún)問(wèn)。

    7.?多線(xiàn)程

    上面消息隊(duì)列 核心代碼如下

    $this->queue->consume(function($envelope, $queue) { $msg = $envelope->getBody();$result = $this->loader($msg);$queue->ack($envelope->getDeliveryTag()); });

    這段代碼生產(chǎn)環(huán)境使用了半年,發(fā)現(xiàn)效率比較低。有些業(yè)務(wù)場(chǎng)入隊(duì)非常快,但處理起來(lái)所花的時(shí)間就比較長(zhǎng),容易出現(xiàn)隊(duì)列堆積現(xiàn)象。

    增加多線(xiàn)程可能更有效利用硬件資源,提高業(yè)務(wù)處理能力。代碼如下

    <?php namespace framework;require_once( __DIR__.'/autoload.class.php' );class RabbitThread extends \Threaded {private $queue;public $classspath;protected $msg;public function __construct($queue, $logging, $msg) {$this->classspath = __DIR__.'/../queue';$this->msg = $msg;$this->logging = $logging;$this->queue = $queue;}public function run() {$speed = microtime(true);$result = $this->loader($this->msg);$this->logging->debug('Result: '. $result.' ');$this->logging->debug('Time: '. (microtime(true) - $speed) .'');}// privatepublic function loader($msg = null){$protocol = json_decode($msg,true);$namespace = $protocol['Namespace'];$class = $protocol['Class'];$method = $protocol['Method'];$param = $protocol['Param'];$result = null;$classspath = $this->classspath.'/'.$this->queue.'/'.$namespace.'/'.strtolower($class) . '.class.php';if( is_file($classspath) ){require_once($classspath);//$class = ucfirst(substr($request_uri, strrpos($request_uri, '/')+1));if (class_exists($class)) {if(method_exists($class, $method)){$obj = new $class;if (!$param){$tmp = $obj->$method();$result = json_encode($tmp);$this->logging->info($class.'->'.$method.'()');}else{$tmp = call_user_func_array(array($obj, $method), $param);$result = (json_encode($tmp));$this->logging->info($class.'->'.$method.'("'.implode('","', $param).'")');}}else{$this->logging->error('Object '. $class. '->' . $method. ' is not exist.');}}else{$msg = sprintf("Object is not exist. (%s)", $class);$this->logging->error($msg);}}else{$msg = sprintf("Cannot loading interface! (%s)", $classspath);$this->logging->error($msg);}return $result;} }class RabbitMQ {const loop = 10;protected $queue;protected $pool;public function __construct($queueName = '', $exchangeName = '', $routeKey = '') {$this->config = new \framework\Config('rabbitmq.ini');$this->logfile = __DIR__.'/../log/rabbitmq.%s.log';$this->logqueue = __DIR__.'/../log/queue.%s.log';$this->logging = new \framework\log\Logging($this->logfile, $debug=true);//.H:i:s$this->queueName = $queueName;$this->exchangeName = $exchangeName;$this->routeKey = $routeKey; $this->pool = new \Pool($this->config->get('pool')['thread']);}public function main(){$connection = new \AMQPConnection($this->config->get('rabbitmq'));try {$connection->connect();if (!$connection->isConnected()) {$this->logging->exception("Cannot connect to the broker!" .PHP_EOL);}$this->channel = new \AMQPChannel($connection);$this->exchange = new \AMQPExchange($this->channel);$this->exchange->setName($this->exchangeName);$this->exchange->setType(AMQP_EX_TYPE_DIRECT); //direct類(lèi)型$this->exchange->setFlags(AMQP_DURABLE); //持久�?$this->exchange->declareExchange();$this->queue = new \AMQPQueue($this->channel);$this->queue->setName($this->queueName);$this->queue->setFlags(AMQP_DURABLE); //持久�?$this->queue->declareQueue();$this->queue->bind($this->exchangeName, $this->routeKey);$this->queue->consume(function($envelope, $queue) {$msg = $envelope->getBody();$this->logging->debug('Protocol: '.$msg.' ');//$result = $this->loader($msg);$this->pool->submit(new RabbitThread($this->queueName, new \framework\log\Logging($this->logqueue, $debug=true), $msg));$queue->ack($envelope->getDeliveryTag()); });$this->channel->qos(0,1);}catch(\AMQPConnectionException $e){$this->logging->exception($e->__toString());}catch(\Exception $e){$this->logging->exception($e->__toString());$connection->disconnect();$this->pool->shutdown();}}private function fault($tag, $msg){$this->logging->exception($msg);throw new \Exception($tag.': '.$msg);}public function __destruct() {} }

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