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MIPS 汇编指令学习

發布時間：2024/4/18 编程问答 25 豆豆

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mips的32個寄存器
MIPS comes with 32 general purpose registers named $0. . . $31
Registers also have symbolic names reflecting their conventional8 use:
$0? $zero constant 0
$1? $at used by assembler
$2? $v0 function result
$3? $v1 function result
$4? $a0 argument 1
$5? $a1 argument 2
$6? $a2 argument 3
$7? $a3 argument 4
$8? $t0 unsaved temporary
$9? $t1 unsaved temporary
$10 $t2 unsaved temporary
$11 $t3 unsaved temporary
$12 $t4 unsaved temporary
$13 $t5 unsaved temporary
$14 $t6 unsaved temporary
$15 $t7 unsaved temporary
$16 $s0 saved temporary
$17 $s1 saved temporary
$18 $s2 saved temporary
$19 $s3 saved temporary
$20 $s4 saved temporary
$21 $s5 saved temporary
$22 $s6 saved temporary
$23 $s7 saved temporary
$24 $t8 unsaved temporary
$25 $t9 unsaved temporary
$26 $k0 reserved for OS kernel
$27 $k1 reserved for OS kernel
$28 $gp pointer to global data
$29 $sp stack pointer
$30 $fp frame pointer
$31 $ra return address
寄存器號??????????? 符號名??????????? 用途
?0???????????????? 始終為0???? 看起來象浪費,其實很有用
?1???????????????? at????????? 保留給匯編器使用
?2-3?????????????? v0,v1?????? 函數返回值
?4-7?????????????? a0-a3?????? 前頭幾個函數參數
?8-15????????????? t0-t7?????? 臨時寄存器,子過程可以不保存就使用
?24-25???????????? t8,t9?????? 同上
?16-23???????????? s0-s7?????? 寄存器變量,子過程要使用它必須先保存
?????????????????????????????? 然后在退出前恢復以保留調用者需要的值
?26,27???????????? k0,k1?????? 保留給異常處理函數使用
?28??????????????? gp????????? global pointer;用于方便存取全局或者靜態變量
?29??????????????? sp????????? stack pointer
?30??????????????? s8/fp?????? 第9個寄存器變量;子過程可以用它做frame pointer
?31???????????????? ra???????? 返回地址
硬件上這些寄存器并沒有區別(除了0號),區分的目的是為了不同的編譯器產生的代碼可以通用
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lui 中i表示加載常數
li r, c:加載16bit或32bit常數到r
lui r, c:加載16bit常數到r的高16位load constant halfword c into upper halfword of register r
(translation of pseudo instructions)
偽指令????????????????????? 翻譯的實際指令
not r, s??????? ==>???????? nor r, s, $0
move r, s?????? ==>???????? or r, s, $0
li r, c???????? ==>???????? ori r, $0, c???? load immediate (c: 16 bit constant)
li r, 0xABCDEF00==>???????? lui $at, 0xABCD和ori r, $at, 0xEF00 (c: 32 bit constant)
and $t0, $t0, 0xFFFFFF00==> lui $at, 0xFFFF
??????????????????????????? ori $at, 0xFF00
??????????????????????????? and $t0, $t0, $at
.ascii s????????????? ASCII encoded characters of string s
.asciiz s???????????? like .ascii, null-terminated
.word w1, w2, . . .?? 32-bit words w1, w2, . . .
.half h1, h2, . . .?? 16-bit halfwords h1, h2, . . .
.byte b1, b2, . . .?? 8-bit bytes b1, b2, . . .
.float f1, f2, . . .? 32-bit single precision floating point numbers f1, f2, . . .
.double d1, d2, . . . 64-bit double precision floating point numbers d1, d2, . . .
.space n????????????? n zero bytes

使用la偽指令訪問數據區
la? $t0, str
lb? $t1, ($t0)? # access byte at address $t0 (’f’)
add $t0, $t0, 3
lb? $t2, ($t0)? # access byte at address $t0 + 3 (’b’)

.data
str: .asciiz "foobar"

load word/halfword/byte at address a into target register r
lw r, a
lh r, a? sign extension
lb r, a? sign extension
lhu r, a no sign extension
lbu r, a no sign extension
store word/halfword/byte in register r at address a
sw r, a
sh r, a stores low halfword
sb r, a stores low byte

Example (copy a sequence of n bytes from address src to address dst):
?????? .text
?????? .globl?? __start
__start:
?????? # length n of byte sequence - 1
?????? li?????? $t0, 5
copy:
?????? lb?????? $t1, src($t0)? # pseudo! (src: 32 bits wide)
?????? sb?????? $t1, dst($t0)
?????? sub????? $t0, $t0, 1
?????? bgez???? $t0, copy
????? .data
src:? .byte 0x11, 0x22, 0x33, 0x44, 0x55, 0x66
dst:? .space 6
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http://www.mips-in-china.com/Study/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=147

mfc0 - move from c0
cfc0 - copy from c0

mfc0??? t0,c0_status
lui???? at,0x1000
ori???? at,at,0x1f
or????? t0,t0,at
xori??? t0,t0,0x1f
mtc0??? t0,c0_statu

于協處理器CP0的訪問，需要使用特別的指令。這些指令屬于“特權級指令”，只有在內核態(Kernel Mode)下才能執行。如果在用戶態下，會引起一個異常(Exception)。?
對CP0的主要操作有以下的指令：?
mfc0 rt, rd 將CP0中的rd寄存器內容傳輸到rt通用寄存器；?
mtc0 rt, rd 將rt通用寄存器中內容傳輸到CP0中寄存器rd；?
mfhi/mflo rt 將CP0的hi/lo寄存器內容傳輸到rt通用寄存器中；?
mthi/mtlo rt 將rt通用寄存器內容傳輸到CP0的hi/lo寄存器中；?
當MIPS體系結構演進到MIPS IV的64位架構后，新增了兩條指令dmfc0和dmtc0，向CP0的寄存器中讀/寫一個64bit的數據。

r4k MIPS CPU中和異常相關的控制寄存器(這些寄存器由協處理器cp0控制,有獨立的存取方法)有:
????? 1.status 狀態寄存器
????? 31? 28 27 26 25 24??????? 16 15????????? 8 7 6? 5 4 3? 2?? 1?? 0
???? ------------------------------------------------------------------
???? | cu0-3|RP|FR|RE| Diag Status|?? IM7-IM0? |KX|SX|UX|KSU|ERL|EXL|IE|
???? ------------------------------------------------------------------
???? 其中KSU,ERL,EXL,IE位在這里很重要:
?????? KSU: 模式位 00 -kernel? 01--Supervisor 10--User
?????? ERL: error level,0->normal,1->error
?????? EXL: exception level,0->normal,1->exception,異常發生是EXL自動置1
?????? IE: interrupt Enable, 0 -> disable interrupt,1->enable interrupt
?????? (IM位則可以用于enbale/disable具體某個中斷,ERL||EXL=1 也使得中斷不能響應)
????? 系統所處的模式由KSU,ERL,EXL決定:
??????? User mode: KSU = 10 && EXL=0 && ERL=0
?Supervisor mode(never used): KSU=01 && EXL=0 && ERL=0
?Kernel mode: KSU=00 || EXL=1 || ERL=1
????? 2.cause寄存器
?????? 31 30 29 28 27????????? 16 15?????????? 8 7 6????????? 2? 1? 0
????? ----------------------------------------------------------------
????? |BD|0 | CE? |???? 0??????? | IP7 - IP0??? |0|Exc code???? | 0? |
????? ----------------------------------------------------------------
????? 異常發生時cause被自動設置
????? 其中:
??????? BD指示最近發生的異常指令是否在delay slot中
?CE 發生coprocessor unusable異常時的coprocessor編號(mips有4個cp)
?IP: interrupt pending, 1->pending,0->no interrupt,CPU有6個中斷
???? 引腳,加上兩個軟件中斷(最高兩個)
?Exc code:異常類型,所有的外設中斷為0,系統調用為8,...
????? 3.EPC
???????? 對一般的異常,EPC包含:
??? . 導致異常的指令地址(virtual)
??? or. if 異常在delay slot指令發生,該指令前面那個跳轉指令的地址
? 當EXL=1時,處理器不寫EPC
????? 4.和存儲相關的:
??????? context,BadVaddr,Xcontext,ECC,CacheErr,ErrorEPC
?以后再說

????? 一般異常處理程序都是先保存一些寄存器,然后清除EXL以便嵌套異常,
????? 清除KSU保持核心態,IE位看情況而定;處理完后恢復一些保存內容以及CPU狀態
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MIPS?指令集(共 31條）

MIPS 指令集(共31條）
助記符	指令格式						示例	示例含義	操作及其解釋
Bit #	31..26	25..21	20..16	15..11	10..6	5..0	?	?	?
R-type	op	rs	rt	rd	shamt	func	?	?	?
add	000000	rs	rt	rd	00000	100000	?add $1,$2,$3	?$1=$2+$3	?rd <- rs + rt???；其中rs＝$2，rt=$3, rd=$1
addu	000000	rs	rt	rd	00000	100001	?addu $1,$2,$3	?$1=$2+$3	?rd <- rs + rt???；其中rs＝$2，rt=$3, rd=$1,無符號數
sub	000000	rs	rt	rd	00000	100010	?sub $1,$2,$3	?$1=$2-$3	?rd <- rs - rt???；其中rs＝$2，rt=$3, rd=$1
subu	000000	rs	rt	rd	00000	100011	?subu $1,$2,$3	?$1=$2-$3	?rd <- rs - rt???；其中rs＝$2，rt=$3, rd=$1,無符號數
and	000000	rs	rt	rd	00000	100100	?and $1,$2,$3	?$1=$2?&?$3	?rd <- rs & rt???；其中rs＝$2，rt=$3, rd=$1
or	000000	rs	rt	rd	00000	100101	?or $1,$2,$3	?$1=$2?\|?$3	?rd <- rs \| rt???；其中rs＝$2，rt=$3, rd=$1
xor	000000	rs	rt	rd	00000	100110	?xor $1,$2,$3	?$1=$2?^?$3	?rd <- rs xor rt???；其中rs＝$2，rt=$3, rd=$1(異或）
nor	000000	rs	rt	rd	00000	100111	?nor $1,$2,$3	?$1=~($2?\|?$3)	?rd <- not(rs \| rt)???；其中rs＝$2，rt=$3, rd=$1(或非）
slt	000000	rs	rt	rd	00000	101010	?slt $1,$2,$3	?if($2<$3)? ? $1=1?else ? ?$1=0	?if (rs < rt) rd=1?else?rd=0 ；其中rs＝$2，rt=$3, rd=$1
sltu	000000	rs	rt	rd	00000	101011	?sltu $1,$2,$3	?if($2<$3)? ? $1=1?else ? ?$1=0	?if (rs < rt) rd=1?else?rd=0 ；其中rs＝$2，rt=$3, rd=$1 ? (無符號數）
sll	000000	00000	rt	rd	shamt	000000	?sll $1,$2,10	?$1=$2<<10	?rd <- rt << shamt??；shamt存放移位的位數， ? 也就是指令中的立即數，其中rt=$2, rd=$1
srl	000000	00000	rt	rd	shamt	000010	?srl $1,$2,10	?$1=$2>>10	?rd <- rt >> shamt ；(logical) ，其中rt=$2, rd=$1
sra	000000	00000	rt	rd	shamt	000011	?sra $1,$2,10	?$1=$2>>10	?rd <- rt >> shamt ?；(arithmetic)?注意符號位保留 ?其中rt=$2, rd=$1
sllv	000000	rs	rt	rd	00000	000100	?sllv $1,$2,$3	?$1=$2<<$3	?rd <- rt?<< rs??；其中rs＝$3，rt=$2, rd=$1
srlv	000000	rs	rt	rd	00000	000110	?srlv $1,$2,$3	?$1=$2>>$3	?rd <- rt?>> rs??；(logical)其中rs＝$3，rt=$2, rd=$1
srav	000000	rs	rt	rd	00000	000111	?srav $1,$2,$3	?$1=$2>>$3	?rd <- rt?>> rs??；(arithmetic)?注意符號位保留 ?其中rs＝$3，rt=$2, rd=$1
jr	000000	rs	00000	00000	00000	001000	?jr?$31	?goto?$31	?PC <-?rs
I-type	op	rs	rt	immediate			?	?	?
addi	001000	rs	rt	immediate			?addi?$1,$2,100	?$1=$2+100	?rt <- rs + (sign-extend)immediate?；其中rt=$1,rs=$2
addiu	001001	rs	rt	immediate			addiu?$1,$2,100	?$1=$2+100	?rt <- rs + (zero-extend)immediate?；其中rt=$1,rs=$2
andi	001100	rs	rt	immediate			?andi?$1,$2,10	?$1=$2 & 10	?rt <- rs & (zero-extend)immediate?；其中rt=$1,rs=$2
ori	001101	rs	rt	immediate			?andi?$1,$2,10	?$1=$2 \| 10	?rt <- rs \| (zero-extend)immediate?；其中rt=$1,rs=$2
xori	001110	rs	rt	immediate			?andi?$1,$2,10	?$1=$2 ^ 10	?rt <- rs xor (zero-extend)immediate?；其中rt=$1,rs=$2
lui	001111	00000	rt	immediate			?lui?$1,100	?$1=100*65536	?rt <- immediate*65536?；將16位立即數放到目標寄存器高16 ? ? ? ? ?位，目標寄存器的低16位填0
lw	100011	rs	rt	immediate			?lw?$1,10($2)	?$1=memory[$2 ?+10]	?rt <- memory[rs + (sign-extend)immediate]?；rt=$1,rs=$2
sw	101011	rs	rt	immediate			?sw?$1,10($2)	?memory[$2+10] ?=$1	?memory[rs + (sign-extend)immediate] <- rt?；rt=$1,rs=$2
beq	000100	rs	rt	immediate			?beq?$1,$2,10	?if($1==$2)? ?goto?PC+4+40	?if (rs == rt) PC <- PC+4 + (sign-extend)immediate<<2?
bne	000101	rs	rt	immediate			?bne?$1,$2,10	?if($1!=$2) ?goto?PC+4+40	?if (rs != rt) PC <- PC+4 + (sign-extend)immediate<<2?
slti	001010	rs	rt	immediate			?slti $1,$2,10	?if($2<10)? ? $1=1?else ? ?$1=0	?if (rs <(sign-extend)immediate) rt=1?else?rt=0 ； ? ?其中rs＝$2，rt=$1
sltiu	001011	rs	rt	immediate			?sltiu $1,$2,10	?if($2<10)? ? $1=1?else ? ?$1=0	?if (rs <(zero-extend)immediate) rt=1?else?rt=0 ； ? 其中rs＝$2，rt=$1
J-type	op	address					?	?	?
j	000010	address					?j?10000	?goto?10000	?PC <- (PC+4)[31..28],address,0,0???；address=10000/4
jal	000011	address					?jal?10000	?$31<-PC+4; ?goto?10000	?$31<-PC+4；PC <- (PC+4)[31..28],address,0,0 ? ?；address=10000/4

注意：因為MIPS16只有16個16位的寄存器，所以JAL指令中$31改成$15, 所有立即數均無需擴展，LUI指令直接就是將立即數付給RT寄存器。

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指令
mips