class NLog
{// Private Constructor:private NLog() { }publicstaticdouble e = Math.E; //2.71828...
}
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聲明空構造函數可阻止自動生成默認構造函數。注意,如果您不對構造函數使用訪問修飾符,則在默認情況下它仍為私有構造函數。但是,通常顯式地使用 private 修飾符來清楚地表明該類不能被實例化。 當沒有實例字段或實例方法(如 Math 類)時或者當調用方法以獲得類的實例時,私有構造函數可用于阻止創建類的實例。如果類中的所有方法都是靜態的,可考慮使整個類成為靜態的。
下面是使用私有構造函數的類的示例。
publicclass Counter
{private Counter() { }publicstaticint currentCount;publicstaticint IncrementCount(){return ++currentCount;}
}class TestCounter
{staticvoid Main(){// If you uncomment the following statement, it will generate// an error because the constructor is inaccessible:// Counter aCounter = new Counter(); // Error Counter.currentCount = 100;Counter.IncrementCount();Console.WriteLine("New count: {0}", Counter.currentCount);// Keep the console window open in debug mode.Console.WriteLine("Press any key to exit.");Console.ReadKey();}
}
class SimpleClass
{// Static variable that must be initialized at run time.staticreadonlylong baseline;// Static constructor is called at most one time, before any// instance constructor is invoked or member is accessed.static SimpleClass(){baseline = DateTime.Now.Ticks;}
}
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靜態構造函數具有以下特點:
靜態構造函數既沒有訪問修飾符,也沒有參數。
在創建第一個實例或引用任何靜態成員之前,將自動調用靜態構造函數來初始化類。
無法直接調用靜態構造函數。
在程序中,用戶無法控制何時執行靜態構造函數。
靜態構造函數的典型用途是:當類使用日志文件時,將使用這種構造函數向日志文件中寫入項。
靜態構造函數在為非托管代碼創建包裝類時也很有用,此時該構造函數可以調用 LoadLibrary 方法。 如果靜態構造函數引發異常,運行時將不會再次調用該構造函數,并且在程序運行所在的應用程序域的生存期內,類型將保持未初始化。 在此示例中,類 Bus 有一個靜態構造函數。創建 Bus 的第一個實例(bus1)時,將調用該靜態構造函數來初始化該類。輸出示例驗證了即使創建 Bus 的兩個實例,該靜態構造函數也僅運行一次,并且在實例構造函數運行之前運行。
publicclass Bus
{// Static variable used by all Bus instances.// Represents the time the first bus of the day starts its route.protectedstaticreadonly DateTime globalStartTime;// Property for the number of each bus.protectedint RouteNumber { get; set; }// Static constructor to initialize the static variable.// It is invoked before the first instance constructor is run.static Bus(){globalStartTime = DateTime.Now;// The following statement produces the first line of output,// and the line occurs only once.Console.WriteLine("Static constructor sets global start time to {0}",globalStartTime.ToLongTimeString());}// Instance constructor.public Bus(int routeNum){RouteNumber = routeNum;Console.WriteLine("Bus #{0} is created.", RouteNumber);}// Instance method.publicvoid Drive(){TimeSpan elapsedTime = DateTime.Now - globalStartTime;// For demonstration purposes we treat milliseconds as minutes to simulate// actual bus times. Do not do this in your actual bus schedule program!Console.WriteLine("{0} is starting its route {1:N2} minutes after global start time {2}.",this.RouteNumber,elapsedTime.TotalMilliseconds,globalStartTime.ToShortTimeString());}
}class TestBus
{staticvoid Main(){// The creation of this instance activates the static constructor.Bus bus1 = new Bus(71);// Create a second bus.Bus bus2 = new Bus(72);// Send bus1 on its way. bus1.Drive();// Wait for bus2 to warm up.System.Threading.Thread.Sleep(25);// Send bus2 on its way. bus2.Drive();// Keep the console window open in debug mode.System.Console.WriteLine("Press any key to exit.");System.Console.ReadKey();}
}
輸出:
Static constructor sets global start time to 3:57:08 PM.
Bus #71is created.
Bus #72is created.
71is starting its route 6.00 minutes after global start time 3:57 PM.
72is starting its route 31.00 minutes after global start time 3:57 PM.