区块链系列教程——geth命令详解
本文是區塊鏈系列的第二篇,上一篇區塊鏈系列教程——創建屬于自己的區塊鏈大概介紹了區塊鏈的基本內容,并且使用geth客戶端創建了私鏈,給了各位讀者較為直觀的感受。本文簡單介紹geth命令,這對后面的教程來說是一個基礎。
geth用法簡介
在安裝有geth的環境下,使用命令即可查看geth的所有操作參數:
geth -help其用法為:
geth [options] command [command options] [arguments...]geth命令簡介
其中,command部分主要有:
account Manage accountsattach Start an interactive JavaScript environment (connect to node)bug opens a window to report a bug on the geth repoconsole Start an interactive JavaScript environmentcopydb Create a local chain from a target chaindata folderdump Dump a specific block from storagedumpconfig Show configuration valuesexport Export blockchain into fileexport-preimages Export the preimage database into an RLP streamimport Import a blockchain fileimport-preimages Import the preimage database from an RLP streaminit Bootstrap and initialize a new genesis blockjs Execute the specified JavaScript fileslicense Display license informationmakecache Generate ethash verification cache (for testing)makedag Generate ethash mining DAG (for testing)monitor Monitor and visualize node metricsremovedb Remove blockchain and state databasesversion Print version numberswallet Manage Ethereum presale walletshelp, h Shows a list of commands or help for one command此處主要講解部分高頻使用的命令。
1. account
該命令用于對節點中的賬戶進行管理,比如使用命令創建新的賬戶:
hadoop@tomcat:~/blockchain$ geth account new INFO [05-02|22:34:35.822] Maximum peer count ETH=25 LES=0 total=25 Your new account is locked with a password. Please give a password. Do not forget this password. Passphrase: Repeat passphrase: Address: {0661ae6f3586b5d06f72631d40b576572df58cf8}比如列出所創建的所有賬戶信息:
hadoop@tomcat:~/blockchain$ geth account list INFO [05-02|22:36:56.617] Maximum peer count ETH=25 LES=0 total=25 Account #0: {39270dca851f877e25de0b3dd2bc362a56c93d14} keystore:///home/hadoop/.ethereum/keystore/UTC--2018-11-08T07-51-54.537198312Z--39270dca851f877e25de0b3dd2bc362a56c93d14 Account #1: {3ad29039e3a403bec76f72f49df9c695132b7413} keystore:///home/hadoop/.ethereum/keystore/UTC--2019-03-08T03-01-21.222439496Z--3ad29039e3a403bec76f72f49df9c695132b7413 Account #2: {76522ed9030ecdbc2adcf9db101ee351841a026d} keystore:///home/hadoop/.ethereum/keystore/UTC--2019-03-08T03-02-18.142740162Z--76522ed9030ecdbc2adcf9db101ee351841a026d Account #3: {0eb26f508cb4366cca769f5b42a2db53ac3411bc} keystore:///home/hadoop/.ethereum/keystore/UTC--2019-03-08T03-06-41.861044859Z--0eb26f508cb4366cca769f5b42a2db53ac3411bc Account #4: {03b753d082b2c65054b5ac0a624c3c206a8384ce} keystore:///home/hadoop/.ethereum/keystore/UTC--2019-03-08T13-43-43.058685461Z--03b753d082b2c65054b5ac0a624c3c206a8384ce Account #5: {69e5860b1b7b2fbbb5e99c856ccf1daa3d99cceb} keystore:///home/hadoop/.ethereum/keystore/UTC--2019-03-08T14-36-59.127976359Z--69e5860b1b7b2fbbb5e99c856ccf1daa3d99cceb Account #6: {49fc0574f7e149a5e772ca0144df1177af56a544} keystore:///home/hadoop/.ethereum/keystore/UTC--2019-03-08T14-42-36.761539434Z--49fc0574f7e149a5e772ca0144df1177af56a544 Account #7: {36606041ff9727c15337aa68493c62a9f4fe721c} keystore:///home/hadoop/.ethereum/keystore/UTC--2019-03-08T14-45-17.989230302Z--36606041ff9727c15337aa68493c62a9f4fe721c Account #8: {c20302e3423fdc2d451c1f989978c82ddcb3d25d} keystore:///home/hadoop/.ethereum/keystore/UTC--2019-03-08T14-49-35.136771402Z--c20302e3423fdc2d451c1f989978c82ddcb3d25d Account #9: {0ee10994abc4ad567ae660c38dece6b66316e8f2} keystore:///home/hadoop/.ethereum/keystore/UTC--2019-03-09T03-02-59.629189896Z--0ee10994abc4ad567ae660c38dece6b66316e8f2 Account #10: {dfad42736734d1e943cb3390ebab0f3f9b6cd956} keystore:///home/hadoop/.ethereum/keystore/UTC--2019-03-09T03-08-56.185678319Z--dfad42736734d1e943cb3390ebab0f3f9b6cd956 Account #11: {b1d16776a90ab4acfa12c253821d39f4e72c8ede} keystore:///home/hadoop/.ethereum/keystore/UTC--2019-03-09T03-10-18.698606526Z--b1d16776a90ab4acfa12c253821d39f4e72c8ede Account #12: {0661ae6f3586b5d06f72631d40b576572df58cf8} keystore:///home/hadoop/.ethereum/keystore/UTC--2019-05-02T14-35-39.394844103Z--0661ae6f3586b5d06f72631d40b576572df58cf82. attach
attach命令主要用于連接到一個正在運行的節點,并且會打開一個控制臺用于交互:
hadoop@tomcat:~/blockchain/test$ ls geth geth.ipc history keystore hadoop@tomcat:~/blockchain/test$ geth attach geth.ipc Welcome to the Geth JavaScript console!instance: Geth/v1.8.17-stable-8bbe7207/linux-amd64/go1.10 coinbase: 0x6393bb737b95465ccd9e4597df0647cdcd09775f at block: 11 (Wed, 01 May 2019 21:40:53 CST)datadir: /home/hadoop/blockchain/testmodules: admin:1.0 debug:1.0 eth:1.0 ethash:1.0 miner:1.0 net:1.0 personal:1.0 rpc:1.0 txpool:1.0 web3:1.0>3. console
console命令用于打開控制臺用于交互,與attach有所不同,console一般是在區塊鏈運行時打開,而attach是在節點運行的前提下連接到節點進行交互,兩者可以并存。該命令具體用法在上一篇已經展示:
hadoop@tomcat:~/blockchain$ geth --datadir test/ --networkid 10 console INFO [05-02|22:38:40.954] Maximum peer count ETH=25 LES=0 total=25 INFO [05-02|22:38:40.955] Starting peer-to-peer node instance=Geth/v1.8.17-stable-8bbe7207/linux-amd64/go1.10 INFO [05-02|22:38:40.955] Allocated cache and file handles database=/home/hadoop/blockchain/test/geth/chaindata cache=768 handles=512 INFO [05-02|22:38:41.045] Initialised chain configuration config="{ChainID: 10 Homestead: 0 DAO: <nil> DAOSupport: false EIP150: <nil> EIP155: 0 EIP158: 0 Byzantium: <nil> Constantinople: <nil> Engine: unknown}" INFO [05-02|22:38:41.045] Disk storage enabled for ethash caches dir=/home/hadoop/blockchain/test/geth/ethash count=3 INFO [05-02|22:38:41.045] Disk storage enabled for ethash DAGs dir=/home/hadoop/.ethash count=2 INFO [05-02|22:38:41.045] Initialising Ethereum protocol versions="[63 62]" network=10 INFO [05-02|22:38:41.047] Loaded most recent local header number=11 hash=4c92d8…336e91 td=382991890 age=1d57m48s INFO [05-02|22:38:41.047] Loaded most recent local full block number=11 hash=4c92d8…336e91 td=382991890 age=1d57m48s INFO [05-02|22:38:41.047] Loaded most recent local fast block number=11 hash=4c92d8…336e91 td=382991890 age=1d57m48s INFO [05-02|22:38:41.048] Loaded local transaction journal transactions=1 dropped=1 INFO [05-02|22:38:41.048] Regenerated local transaction journal transactions=0 accounts=0 WARN [05-02|22:38:41.048] Blockchain not empty, fast sync disabled INFO [05-02|22:38:41.049] Starting P2P networking INFO [05-02|22:38:43.272] Mapped network port proto=udp extport=30303 intport=30303 interface="UPNP IGDv1-IP1" INFO [05-02|22:38:43.383] UDP listener up self=enode://21d2a8209dc9aeadd15d94c2df30128dd7bd4b772f34e61e8f76afb893a2f7735a77c9061b64076ca61b5635b5d434fa32600af0e56f833fd7e582bff94e679d@222.201.145.179:30303 INFO [05-02|22:38:43.383] RLPx listener up self=enode://21d2a8209dc9aeadd15d94c2df30128dd7bd4b772f34e61e8f76afb893a2f7735a77c9061b64076ca61b5635b5d434fa32600af0e56f833fd7e582bff94e679d@222.201.145.179:30303 INFO [05-02|22:38:43.386] IPC endpoint opened url=/home/hadoop/blockchain/test/geth.ipc INFO [05-02|22:38:43.418] Mapped network port proto=tcp extport=30303 intport=30303 interface="UPNP IGDv1-IP1" Welcome to the Geth JavaScript console!instance: Geth/v1.8.17-stable-8bbe7207/linux-amd64/go1.10 INFO [05-02|22:38:43.485] Etherbase automatically configured address=0x6393Bb737b95465cCD9E4597dF0647CdcD09775f coinbase: 0x6393bb737b95465ccd9e4597df0647cdcd09775f at block: 11 (Wed, 01 May 2019 21:40:53 CST)datadir: /home/hadoop/blockchain/testmodules: admin:1.0 debug:1.0 eth:1.0 ethash:1.0 miner:1.0 net:1.0 personal:1.0 rpc:1.0 txpool:1.0 web3:1.0>4. init
init命令是用于初始化一個區塊鏈的,通常將genesis.json文件中的初始區塊信息加載到區塊鏈中:
hadoop@tomcat:~/blockchain$ mkdir test2 hadoop@tomcat:~/blockchain$ geth --datadir test2 init genesis.json INFO [05-02|22:45:45.306] Maximum peer count ETH=25 LES=0 total=25 INFO [05-02|22:45:45.306] Allocated cache and file handles database=/home/hadoop/blockchain/test2/geth/chaindata cache=16 handles=16 INFO [05-02|22:45:45.389] Writing custom genesis block INFO [05-02|22:45:45.389] Persisted trie from memory database nodes=0 size=0.00B time=5.821μs gcnodes=0 gcsize=0.00B gctime=0s livenodes=1 livesize=0.00B INFO [05-02|22:45:45.390] Successfully wrote genesis state database=chaindata hash=b123b8…4077eb INFO [05-02|22:45:45.390] Allocated cache and file handles database=/home/hadoop/blockchain/test2/geth/lightchaindata cache=16 handles=16 INFO [05-02|22:45:45.394] Writing custom genesis block INFO [05-02|22:45:45.394] Persisted trie from memory database nodes=0 size=0.00B time=3.963μs gcnodes=0 gcsize=0.00B gctime=0s livenodes=1 livesize=0.00B INFO [05-02|22:45:45.395] Successfully wrote genesis state database=lightchaindata hash=b123b8…4077eb5. js
js命令用于加載一個js文件:
hadoop@tomcat:~/blockchain$ geth js t.js INFO [05-02|22:51:21.166] Maximum peer count ETH=25 LES=0 total=25 INFO [05-02|22:51:21.167] Starting peer-to-peer node instance=Geth/v1.8.17-stable-8bbe7207/linux-amd64/go1.10 INFO [05-02|22:51:21.167] Allocated cache and file handles database=/home/hadoop/.ethereum/geth/chaindata cache=768 handles=512 INFO [05-02|22:51:21.180] Initialised chain configuration config="{ChainID: 1 Homestead: 1150000 DAO: 1920000 DAOSupport: true EIP150: 2463000 EIP155: 2675000 EIP158: 2675000 Byzantium: 4370000 Constantinople: <nil> Engine: ethash}" INFO [05-02|22:51:21.180] Disk storage enabled for ethash caches dir=/home/hadoop/.ethereum/geth/ethash count=3 INFO [05-02|22:51:21.180] Disk storage enabled for ethash DAGs dir=/home/hadoop/.ethash count=2 INFO [05-02|22:51:21.180] Initialising Ethereum protocol versions="[63 62]" network=1 INFO [05-02|22:51:21.181] Loaded most recent local header number=192 hash=723899…123390 td=3453055867795 age=3y9mo3w INFO [05-02|22:51:21.181] Loaded most recent local full block number=0 hash=d4e567…cb8fa3 td=17179869184 age=50y2w4d INFO [05-02|22:51:21.182] Loaded most recent local fast block number=2 hash=b495a1…4698c9 td=51514445824 age=3y9mo3w INFO [05-02|22:51:21.182] Loaded local transaction journal transactions=0 dropped=0 INFO [05-02|22:51:21.182] Regenerated local transaction journal transactions=0 accounts=0 INFO [05-02|22:51:21.183] Starting P2P networking INFO [05-02|22:51:23.318] Mapped network port proto=udp extport=30303 intport=30303 interface="UPNP IGDv2-IP1" INFO [05-02|22:51:23.319] UDP listener up self=enode://d592b7cef587ea2350632e2811807a59026e31fc0b8dda1d7ab6ebbd7fa7a7f838848f456be0ad0b69f2cabc2f08b8e0747f64c723b547bac459d7c06b7189ef@222.201.145.179:30303 INFO [05-02|22:51:23.319] RLPx listener up self=enode://d592b7cef587ea2350632e2811807a59026e31fc0b8dda1d7ab6ebbd7fa7a7f838848f456be0ad0b69f2cabc2f08b8e0747f64c723b547bac459d7c06b7189ef@222.201.145.179:30303 INFO [05-02|22:51:23.320] IPC endpoint opened url=/home/hadoop/.ethereum/geth.ipc INFO [05-02|22:51:23.346] Mapped network port proto=tcp extport=30303 intport=30303 interface="UPNP IGDv2-IP1" INFO [05-02|22:51:23.423] Etherbase automatically configured address=0x39270dCA851f877e25DE0B3dD2bC362a56c93d14 INFO [05-02|22:51:23.424] IPC endpoint closed endpoint=/home/hadoop/.ethereum/geth.ipc INFO [05-02|22:51:23.424] Blockchain manager stopped INFO [05-02|22:51:23.424] Stopping Ethereum protocol INFO [05-02|22:51:23.424] Ethereum protocol stopped INFO [05-02|22:51:23.424] Transaction pool stopped INFO [05-02|22:51:23.424] Database closed database=/home/hadoop/.ethereum/geth/chaindataoptions簡介
options的內容相對更多:
ETHEREUM OPTIONS:--config value TOML configuration file--datadir "/home/hadoop/.ethereum" Data directory for the databases and keystore--keystore Directory for the keystore (default = inside the datadir)--nousb Disables monitoring for and managing USB hardware wallets--networkid value Network identifier (integer, 1=Frontier, 2=Morden (disused), 3=Ropsten, 4=Rinkeby) (default: 1)--testnet Ropsten network: pre-configured proof-of-work test network--rinkeby Rinkeby network: pre-configured proof-of-authority test network--syncmode "fast" Blockchain sync mode ("fast", "full", or "light")--gcmode value Blockchain garbage collection mode ("full", "archive") (default: "full")--ethstats value Reporting URL of a ethstats service (nodename:secret@host:port)--identity value Custom node name--lightserv value Maximum percentage of time allowed for serving LES requests (0-90) (default: 0)--lightpeers value Maximum number of LES client peers (default: 100)--lightkdf Reduce key-derivation RAM & CPU usage at some expense of KDF strengthDEVELOPER CHAIN OPTIONS:--dev Ephemeral proof-of-authority network with a pre-funded developer account, mining enabled--dev.period value Block period to use in developer mode (0 = mine only if transaction pending) (default: 0)ETHASH OPTIONS:--ethash.cachedir Directory to store the ethash verification caches (default = inside the datadir)--ethash.cachesinmem value Number of recent ethash caches to keep in memory (16MB each) (default: 2)--ethash.cachesondisk value Number of recent ethash caches to keep on disk (16MB each) (default: 3)--ethash.dagdir "/home/hadoop/.ethash" Directory to store the ethash mining DAGs (default = inside home folder)--ethash.dagsinmem value Number of recent ethash mining DAGs to keep in memory (1+GB each) (default: 1)--ethash.dagsondisk value Number of recent ethash mining DAGs to keep on disk (1+GB each) (default: 2)TRANSACTION POOL OPTIONS:--txpool.locals value Comma separated accounts to treat as locals (no flush, priority inclusion)--txpool.nolocals Disables price exemptions for locally submitted transactions--txpool.journal value Disk journal for local transaction to survive node restarts (default: "transactions.rlp")--txpool.rejournal value Time interval to regenerate the local transaction journal (default: 1h0m0s)--txpool.pricelimit value Minimum gas price limit to enforce for acceptance into the pool (default: 1)--txpool.pricebump value Price bump percentage to replace an already existing transaction (default: 10)--txpool.accountslots value Minimum number of executable transaction slots guaranteed per account (default: 16)--txpool.globalslots value Maximum number of executable transaction slots for all accounts (default: 4096)--txpool.accountqueue value Maximum number of non-executable transaction slots permitted per account (default: 64)--txpool.globalqueue value Maximum number of non-executable transaction slots for all accounts (default: 1024)--txpool.lifetime value Maximum amount of time non-executable transaction are queued (default: 3h0m0s)PERFORMANCE TUNING OPTIONS:--cache value Megabytes of memory allocated to internal caching (default: 1024)--cache.database value Percentage of cache memory allowance to use for database io (default: 75)--cache.gc value Percentage of cache memory allowance to use for trie pruning (default: 25)--trie-cache-gens value Number of trie node generations to keep in memory (default: 120)ACCOUNT OPTIONS:--unlock value Comma separated list of accounts to unlock--password value Password file to use for non-interactive password inputAPI AND CONSOLE OPTIONS:--rpc Enable the HTTP-RPC server--rpcaddr value HTTP-RPC server listening interface (default: "localhost")--rpcport value HTTP-RPC server listening port (default: 8545)--rpcapi value API's offered over the HTTP-RPC interface--ws Enable the WS-RPC server--wsaddr value WS-RPC server listening interface (default: "localhost")--wsport value WS-RPC server listening port (default: 8546)--wsapi value API's offered over the WS-RPC interface--wsorigins value Origins from which to accept websockets requests--ipcdisable Disable the IPC-RPC server--ipcpath Filename for IPC socket/pipe within the datadir (explicit paths escape it)--rpccorsdomain value Comma separated list of domains from which to accept cross origin requests (browser enforced)--rpcvhosts value Comma separated list of virtual hostnames from which to accept requests (server enforced). Accepts '*' wildcard. (default: "localhost")--jspath loadScript JavaScript root path for loadScript (default: ".")--exec value Execute JavaScript statement--preload value Comma separated list of JavaScript files to preload into the consoleNETWORKING OPTIONS:--bootnodes value Comma separated enode URLs for P2P discovery bootstrap (set v4+v5 instead for light servers)--bootnodesv4 value Comma separated enode URLs for P2P v4 discovery bootstrap (light server, full nodes)--bootnodesv5 value Comma separated enode URLs for P2P v5 discovery bootstrap (light server, light nodes)--port value Network listening port (default: 30303)--maxpeers value Maximum number of network peers (network disabled if set to 0) (default: 25)--maxpendpeers value Maximum number of pending connection attempts (defaults used if set to 0) (default: 0)--nat value NAT port mapping mechanism (any|none|upnp|pmp|extip:<IP>) (default: "any")--nodiscover Disables the peer discovery mechanism (manual peer addition)--v5disc Enables the experimental RLPx V5 (Topic Discovery) mechanism--netrestrict value Restricts network communication to the given IP networks (CIDR masks)--nodekey value P2P node key file--nodekeyhex value P2P node key as hex (for testing)MINER OPTIONS:--mine Enable mining--miner.threads value Number of CPU threads to use for mining (default: 0)--miner.notify value Comma separated HTTP URL list to notify of new work packages--miner.gasprice "1000000000" Minimum gas price for mining a transaction--miner.gastarget value Target gas floor for mined blocks (default: 8000000)--miner.gaslimit value Target gas ceiling for mined blocks (default: 8000000)--miner.etherbase value Public address for block mining rewards (default = first account) (default: "0")--miner.extradata value Block extra data set by the miner (default = client version)--miner.recommit value Time interval to recreate the block being mined (default: 3s)--miner.noverify Disable remote sealing verificationGAS PRICE ORACLE OPTIONS:--gpoblocks value Number of recent blocks to check for gas prices (default: 20)--gpopercentile value Suggested gas price is the given percentile of a set of recent transaction gas prices (default: 60)VIRTUAL MACHINE OPTIONS:--vmdebug Record information useful for VM and contract debugging--vm.evm value External EVM configuration (default = built-in interpreter)--vm.ewasm value External ewasm configuration (default = built-in interpreter)LOGGING AND DEBUGGING OPTIONS:--fakepow Disables proof-of-work verification--nocompaction Disables db compaction after import--verbosity value Logging verbosity: 0=silent, 1=error, 2=warn, 3=info, 4=debug, 5=detail (default: 3)--vmodule value Per-module verbosity: comma-separated list of <pattern>=<level> (e.g. eth/*=5,p2p=4)--backtrace value Request a stack trace at a specific logging statement (e.g. "block.go:271")--debug Prepends log messages with call-site location (file and line number)--pprof Enable the pprof HTTP server--pprofaddr value pprof HTTP server listening interface (default: "127.0.0.1")--pprofport value pprof HTTP server listening port (default: 6060)--memprofilerate value Turn on memory profiling with the given rate (default: 524288)--blockprofilerate value Turn on block profiling with the given rate (default: 0)--cpuprofile value Write CPU profile to the given file--trace value Write execution trace to the given fileMETRICS AND STATS OPTIONS:--metrics Enable metrics collection and reporting--metrics.influxdb Enable metrics export/push to an external InfluxDB database--metrics.influxdb.endpoint value InfluxDB API endpoint to report metrics to (default: "http://localhost:8086")--metrics.influxdb.database value InfluxDB database name to push reported metrics to (default: "geth")--metrics.influxdb.username value Username to authorize access to the database (default: "test")--metrics.influxdb.password value Password to authorize access to the database (default: "test")--metrics.influxdb.host.tag host InfluxDB host tag attached to all measurements (default: "localhost")WHISPER (EXPERIMENTAL) OPTIONS:--shh Enable Whisper--shh.maxmessagesize value Max message size accepted (default: 1048576)--shh.pow value Minimum POW accepted (default: 0.2)--shh.restrict-light Restrict connection between two whisper light clientsDEPRECATED OPTIONS:--minerthreads value Number of CPU threads to use for mining (deprecated, use --miner.threads) (default: 0)--targetgaslimit value Target gas floor for mined blocks (deprecated, use --miner.gastarget) (default: 8000000)--gasprice "1000000000" Minimum gas price for mining a transaction (deprecated, use --miner.gasprice)--etherbase value Public address for block mining rewards (default = first account, deprecated, use --miner.etherbase) (default: "0")--extradata value Block extra data set by the miner (default = client version, deprecated, use --miner.extradata)MISC OPTIONS:--help, -h show helpoptions的內容較多,此處也是簡略介紹部分用得到的內容。
1. --datadir
該命令用于指定區塊鏈數據的存儲文件夾,在區塊鏈啟動過程中需要自定義數據文件夾的情況下都會用到該選項,在上一篇中已經經過實踐展示。
2. --testnet和–rinkeby
這兩個選項用于選擇網絡類型,在創建私鏈的情況下不會使用到,是以太坊的兩個測試公鏈。
3. --syncmode
用于指示同步模式,有"fast"/“full”/"light"三種選項,分別表示全節點模式,快速同步模式和輕節點模式,全節點會同步區塊鏈中的所有數據;快速同步模式采取先同步完成再校驗狀態的方法;輕節點只同步區塊頭信息,不擁有完整的交易信息和狀態信息,但是可以通過區塊頭中的交易樹和狀態樹根節點hash值來驗證交易信息和狀態信息的有效性。
4. --unlock和–password
這兩個參數用于解鎖某個賬戶。
5. --rpc、–rpcaddr、–rpcport和–rpcapi
第一個參數用于打開rpc支持;其后三個參數分別指定rpc服務地址、rpc服務端口和rpc支持的接口。
6. --bootnodes
該參數可用于與其他節點進行連接并且信息交互。
7. --port
該參數指定P2P服務端口。
8. --mine
該參數用于啟動挖礦進程。
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