英语语法——状语和状语从句
文章目錄
- 什么是狀語
- 1. 狀語的含義
- 2. 狀語的成分
- 3. 狀語的位置
- 4. 狀語從句類型
- 一 時(shí)間狀語從句
- 二 地點(diǎn)狀語從句
- 三 原因狀語從句
- 四 目的狀語從句
- 五 結(jié)果狀語從句
- 六 讓步狀語從句
- 七 方式狀語從句
- 八 條件狀語從句
- 九 比較狀語從句
- 5. 考點(diǎn)分析
- 1. 寫作
- 2. 長難句分析
- 1. 補(bǔ)充 as 專題
- 2. 補(bǔ)充 than 專題
形容詞和副詞的區(qū)別
adj
- 系動(dòng)詞后做表語
- 名詞前做定語
adv
放在哪都是狀語：
- he cried sadly 副詞修飾實(shí)義動(dòng)詞
- he looks especially sad 副詞修飾形容詞
- he cried rather sadly 副詞修飾副詞
- actually, he cries 副詞修飾句子
什么是狀語
1. 狀語的含義
狀語就是在一句話中，修飾實(shí)義動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子的成分。
狀語在一句話中除了名詞什么成分都可以修飾。
2. 狀語的成分
① adv
② 介詞短語
③ 非謂語動(dòng)詞 She cried, sitting there.
④ 從句 She cried when she sat there.
3. 狀語的位置
隨便放
4. 狀語從句類型
- 構(gòu)成
- 引導(dǎo)詞的分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
- 按照引導(dǎo)詞本身的意思分類。一共把引導(dǎo)詞分成九類。
一 時(shí)間狀語從句
引導(dǎo)詞
- when = while = as 當(dāng)……時(shí)候（當(dāng)while翻譯成“當(dāng)…的時(shí)候”后面要跟進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)）
- before
- after
- since （只要一句話帶“自從”，主句用完成時(shí)）
例：自從我遇見你，我就愛上了你。
I have fallen in love with you since I met you.
- the moment = as soon as （一……就）
- by the time 到……為止
- until 直到……才
- not…until 直到……才
在所有的狀語從句中如果主句的動(dòng)作和從句的動(dòng)作都尚未發(fā)生，主句用一般將來時(shí)，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來（主將從現(xiàn)）
例：當(dāng)愛情來臨，我將抓住她的手。（主將從現(xiàn)）
When love comes， I will hold her hands.
例：當(dāng)愛來臨的時(shí)候我沒有牽到她的手。（都已經(jīng)發(fā)生，該什么時(shí)態(tài)就什么時(shí)態(tài)）
When love came, I failed to hold her hands.
- 區(qū)別 until 和 not…nutil
I will wait here until you come.
I will not leave until you come.
區(qū)別在于主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞還是瞬間動(dòng)詞，如果是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞就用until，如果是瞬間動(dòng)詞就用not…until
例：直到我長大我才意識(shí)到母親的偉大。
I did not realize the greatness of mothers until I grew up.
- When引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句省略的情況
When I was a kid, I enjoy singing songs.
When a kid, I enjoyed singing songs.
When引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句，如果主語和從句的主語一致，并且從句謂語中有be動(dòng)詞，此時(shí)從句的主語和be可同時(shí)省略。
二 地點(diǎn)狀語從句
常用引導(dǎo)詞
where
造個(gè)句子
The kind of trees grow well in moist places. （介詞短語做狀語）
這種樹在潮濕的地方生長的很好
The kind of trees grow well where it is moist.
做地點(diǎn)狀語通常都是介詞短語很少從句。
三 原因狀語從句
引導(dǎo)詞
1）因?yàn)?沒有區(qū)別）:because, as, since, in that, seeing that, considering that, now that, given that
2) for(因?yàn)?conj.)：連接兩句話
3）因?yàn)?#xff08;介詞短語）：because of, due to, owing to, thanks to, for the sake of, as a result of 介短后+n./doing
- He had a car accident because he was careless.
- He had a car accident for he was careless.
- He had a car accident because of his carelessness.
四 目的狀語從句
引導(dǎo)詞
1）這三個(gè)詞表目的但是不能接句子，故不是引導(dǎo)詞
to, in order to, so as to + v
2）so that表目的時(shí)通常放在句末，不放在句首, in order that,
為了看的更遠(yuǎn)，我們爬得更高。
We will ascend higher, in order to overlook farther.
We will ascend higher, in order that we overlook farther.
五 結(jié)果狀語從句
引導(dǎo)詞
- so…that 如此…以至于
- such…that
so + adj/adv
such + n
It feels so hot today that I wear my dress.
今天很熱以至于。。。
My mother proves so kind that she is respected by all her colleague.
我媽很善良以至于。。。
so…that 替換 very + adj/adv
作文中只要見到adj/adv都可以寫成so…that句型
六 讓步狀語從句
引導(dǎo)詞
although, though, even though, even if,while,as
都翻譯為：雖然盡管
while
as的部分倒裝
as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句，從句的表語可以放在句首構(gòu)成部分倒裝
As I love you. 沒有表語不能倒裝
As I seem ugly, but I keep gentle.（but連詞不能連接句子和從句）
Ugly as I seem, I keep gentle. 我很丑，但我很溫柔。
Simple as the chart looks, the outlook behind proves far reaching——national products become increasingly popular with Chinese customers.
although 讓步（話不說滿）
Raising pets can cultivate loving heart of kids although they might be injurious to their familier or neighbors.
七 方式狀語從句
引導(dǎo)詞 + 句子
as, the way, as if, as though 好像，似乎
他跟我說話就好像上輩子情人一樣。（隱含說話的方式）
介短做狀語：+ n / doing
by / through / by means of / in … way / manner
She looks as if she were made of ice.
她看起來像冰做的一樣。（虛擬語氣were后面講）
She talks with me as if she were my mother.
八 條件狀語從句
引導(dǎo)詞
如果
suppose that, supposing that, if, unless, provided that, as long as, so long as
只要有一絲希望，我也不會(huì)放棄
So long as there seems a ghost of hope, I will never give up.
九 比較狀語從句
引導(dǎo)詞
as…as 原級(jí)比較
than 比較級(jí)
你看起來和我一樣漂亮
You are as beautiful as me. 引導(dǎo)詞as后接從句，句子呢？故該寫法錯(cuò)誤。
You are as beautiful as I am beautiful. 省略beautiful和be
You are as beatiful as I.
5. 考點(diǎn)分析
1. 寫作
作文中任何一句話都可以加一個(gè)狀語把句子拉長。
I love you for my whole life.
你可以像豬一樣生活，但是你永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)像豬一樣快樂。
One can live as if he were a pig. Conversely, he can never be as delighted as a pig.
2. 長難句分析
快速識(shí)別狀語成分，并且通順的翻譯出來。
如何識(shí)別狀語？
一句話當(dāng)中除了句子主干和定語，其他部分都可以認(rèn)為是狀語。
只要在句子中見到一下一坨東西一定是狀語：
1 副詞
2 比較狀語
3 條件狀語
4 結(jié)果
5 原因 because
6 讓步
7 目的
8 方式
9 伴隨 with
n + 時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)，需要區(qū)別定語還是狀語。
I love a boy in Zhejiang university.
狀語：在浙江大學(xué)我愛上了一個(gè)男生
定語：我愛上了一個(gè)在浙江大學(xué)的男生
如果無法確定定語還是定語，定語優(yōu)先原則。只有翻譯成定語讀起來巨惡心才翻譯成狀語。
- 第一步找謂語，從而確定主謂賓。
- 第二步找連詞，從而確定有無省略。
- 第三步找定語。
- 第四步找狀語。
練習(xí)：
The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.
希臘人認(rèn)為語言的結(jié)構(gòu)和思維的過程有關(guān)系，早在人們意識(shí)到語言的多樣性之前，這種觀點(diǎn)在歐洲就扎根了。
Social science is that branch (of intellectual enquiry/定 wihch seeks to study humans and their endeavors/定 in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner/狀 that natural scientists use for the sutdy of natural phenomena./定）
in…manner 以…樣的方式（方式狀語）
社會(huì)科學(xué)是只是研究的一個(gè)分支，這個(gè)分支試圖以同樣的、理性的、有序的、系統(tǒng)的和冷靜的方式去研究人類和他們的行為，自然科學(xué)家也是用這種方式來研究自然現(xiàn)象的。
The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items offen seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.
and 并列原因狀語從句
行為科學(xué)在緩慢的發(fā)展，部分是因?yàn)橐恍┙忉尯孟衲軌蛑苯拥挠^察到，另一些解釋不容易被發(fā)現(xiàn)。
1. 補(bǔ)充 as 專題
as 意思總結(jié)
- regard… as…
- view… as…
- define… as…
- classify… as…
As a logic consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readship.
謂語：have now appeared aimed mainly towards
appeared在這里=been
作為發(fā)展的合理結(jié)果，劃分成不同的期刊主要針對(duì)專業(yè)或業(yè)余閱讀。
As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States.
as+n 作為…
動(dòng)詞：is
表語：probably lower
than 引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句
最后，作為一種健康沖動(dòng)的對(duì)野心的支持，在年輕人心中羨慕并被確定的一種品質(zhì)，可能低于曾經(jīng)的美國。
I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(蘇格拉底）way about moral problems.
as+n >> as an individual 作為一類人
elected as：v+as的這種結(jié)構(gòu)是不存在的，故這里缺少了賓語
in Socratic way 做狀語，放到句尾更容易翻譯
因此，調(diào)整各個(gè)成分位置后：
I shall define him as an individual who has elected the activity of thinking about moral problems in Socratic way as his primary duty and pleasure in life.
我將要把知識(shí)分子定義為一類人，這類人選擇以蘇格拉底的方式思考道德問題最為生活中首要的樂趣。
Tylor defined culture as “…that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custon, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”
泰勒把文化定義為一個(gè)復(fù)雜的整體，這個(gè)整體包括社會(huì)上的成員人的信仰、藝術(shù)、道德、法律、文化和其他任何的能力和愛好。
As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships.
就如同在任何發(fā)達(dá)國家一樣，在美國一個(gè)由文化符號(hào)、設(shè)想和傳統(tǒng)構(gòu)成的復(fù)雜體組成了所有社會(huì)關(guān)系的基礎(chǔ)。
With other audiences you mustn’t attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarts about their canteen or their chairman.
如果和其他聽眾一起，你千萬不要試圖插入幽默，因?yàn)樗麄儠?huì)反感一個(gè)外人對(duì)他們的食堂或領(lǐng)導(dǎo)發(fā)表蔑視性的評(píng)論。
2. 補(bǔ)充 than 專題
-
not so much as = not even 甚至不、沒有
He cannot so much as spell a word.
He did not so much as ask me to sit down. -
not so much A as B 與其說A倒不如說B
He is not so much a teacher as a poet. -
more A than B 與其說B不如說A
He is more a poet than a teacher. -
more than…
- 后加名詞 不僅僅是…
- 后加adv./adj. 非常的 I am more than beautiful.
- 加數(shù)詞 多于…
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