Windows 10 / 11 環境變量 (用戶變量與系統變量)

1. 環境變量 (environment variables)

環境變量 (environment variables) 是在操作系統中用來指定操作系統運行環境的一些參數。環境變量是在操作系統中一個具有特定名字的對象，它包含了一個或者多個應用程序所使用到的信息。Windows 和 DOS 操作系統中的 path 環境變量，當要求系統運行一個程序而沒有告訴它程序所在的完整路徑時，系統除了在當前目錄下面尋找此程序外，還應到 path 中指定的路徑去找。用戶通過設置環境變量，來更好的運行進程。

environment variables：環境變量 user variables：用戶變量 system variables：系統變量

環境變量可分為用戶變量與系統變量兩類，在注冊表中都有對應的項。

1.1 用戶變量

• 用戶變量所在位置：HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Environment

1.2 系統變量

• 系統變量所在位置：HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\ControlSet001\Control\Session Manager\Environment

在原有變量的基礎上添加英文狀態下的分號，然后添加路徑名。不要刪除原先的系統變量，只要用分號隔開，然后添加路徑名，最后也要加上分號。

添加路徑之后，要保存，再重啟 cmd，確保生效。

1.3 Windows 10 - echo %path%

Microsoft Windows [版本 10.0.17763.1158] (c) 2018 Microsoft Corporation。保留所有權利。C:\Users\cheng>echo %path% C:\Program Files (x86)\Intel\Intel(R) Management Engine Components\iCLS\;C:\Program Files\Intel\Intel(R) Management Engine Components\iCLS\;C:\Windows\system32;C:\Windows;C:\Windows\System32\Wbem;C:\Windows\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\;C:\Windows\System32\OpenSSH\;C:\Program Files (x86)\NVIDIA Corporation\PhysX\Common;C:\Program Files (x86)\Intel\Intel(R) Management Engine Components\DAL;C:\Program Files\Intel\Intel(R) Management Engine Components\DAL;C:\Program Files (x86)\Intel\Intel(R) Management Engine Components\IPT;C:\Program Files\Intel\Intel(R) Management Engine Components\IPT;C:\Program Files\Intel\WiFi\bin\;C:\Program Files\Common Files\Intel\WirelessCommon\;C:\Windows\system32;C:\Windows;C:\Windows\System32\Wbem;C:\Windows\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\;C:\Windows\System32\OpenSSH\;C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\130\Tools\Binn\;C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\Windows Performance Toolkit\;C:\Users\cheng\AppData\Local\Microsoft\WindowsApps;C:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %PATH% C:\Program Files (x86)\Intel\Intel(R) Management Engine Components\iCLS\;C:\Program Files\Intel\Intel(R) Management Engine Components\iCLS\;C:\Windows\system32;C:\Windows;C:\Windows\System32\Wbem;C:\Windows\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\;C:\Windows\System32\OpenSSH\;C:\Program Files (x86)\NVIDIA Corporation\PhysX\Common;C:\Program Files (x86)\Intel\Intel(R) Management Engine Components\DAL;C:\Program Files\Intel\Intel(R) Management Engine Components\DAL;C:\Program Files (x86)\Intel\Intel(R) Management Engine Components\IPT;C:\Program Files\Intel\Intel(R) Management Engine Components\IPT;C:\Program Files\Intel\WiFi\bin\;C:\Program Files\Common Files\Intel\WirelessCommon\;C:\Windows\system32;C:\Windows;C:\Windows\System32\Wbem;C:\Windows\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\;C:\Windows\System32\OpenSSH\;C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\130\Tools\Binn\;C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\Windows Performance Toolkit\;C:\Users\cheng\AppData\Local\Microsoft\WindowsApps;C:\Users\cheng>

1.4 Windows 11 - echo %path%

Microsoft Windows [版本 10.0.22621.1265] (c) Microsoft Corporation。保留所有權利。C:\Users\cheng>echo %PATH% D:\VulkanSDK\1.3.216.0\Bin;C:\Program Files\NVIDIA GPU Computing Toolkit\CUDA\v10.1\bin;C:\Program Files\NVIDIA GPU Computing Toolkit\CUDA\v10.1\libnvvp;C:\Program Files (x86)\Intel\Intel(R) Management Engine Components\iCLS\;C:\Program Files\Intel\Intel(R) Management Engine Components\iCLS\;C:\Windows\system32;C:\Windows;C:\Windows\System32\Wbem;C:\Windows\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\;C:\Windows\System32\OpenSSH\;C:\Program Files (x86)\Intel\Intel(R) Management Engine Components\DAL;C:\Program Files\Intel\Intel(R) Management Engine Components\DAL;C:\Program Files (x86)\Intel\Intel(R) Management Engine Components\IPT;C:\Program Files\Intel\Intel(R) Management Engine Components\IPT;C:\Program Files\Intel\WiFi\bin\;C:\Program Files\Common Files\Intel\WirelessCommon\;C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\130\Tools\Binn\;C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\Windows Performance Toolkit\;C:\Program Files\NVIDIA Corporation\Nsight Compute 2019.1\;C:\WINDOWS\system32;C:\WINDOWS;C:\WINDOWS\System32\Wbem;C:\WINDOWS\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\;C:\WINDOWS\System32\OpenSSH\;D:\Program Files\platform-tools;C:\Program Files (x86)\AMD APP SDK\3.0\bin\x86_64;C:\Program Files (x86)\AMD APP SDK\3.0\bin\x86;C:\Program Files\dotnet\;C:\Program Files\NVIDIA Corporation\NVIDIA NvDLISR;C:\Program Files (x86)\NVIDIA Corporation\PhysX\Common;C:\Users\cheng\AppData\Local\Microsoft\WindowsApps;C:\Program Files\NVIDIA Corporation\NVSMI;;D:\Program Files\Microsoft VS Code\binC:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %path% D:\VulkanSDK\1.3.216.0\Bin;C:\Program Files\NVIDIA GPU Computing Toolkit\CUDA\v10.1\bin;C:\Program Files\NVIDIA GPU Computing Toolkit\CUDA\v10.1\libnvvp;C:\Program Files (x86)\Intel\Intel(R) Management Engine Components\iCLS\;C:\Program Files\Intel\Intel(R) Management Engine Components\iCLS\;C:\Windows\system32;C:\Windows;C:\Windows\System32\Wbem;C:\Windows\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\;C:\Windows\System32\OpenSSH\;C:\Program Files (x86)\Intel\Intel(R) Management Engine Components\DAL;C:\Program Files\Intel\Intel(R) Management Engine Components\DAL;C:\Program Files (x86)\Intel\Intel(R) Management Engine Components\IPT;C:\Program Files\Intel\Intel(R) Management Engine Components\IPT;C:\Program Files\Intel\WiFi\bin\;C:\Program Files\Common Files\Intel\WirelessCommon\;C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\130\Tools\Binn\;C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\Windows Performance Toolkit\;C:\Program Files\NVIDIA Corporation\Nsight Compute 2019.1\;C:\WINDOWS\system32;C:\WINDOWS;C:\WINDOWS\System32\Wbem;C:\WINDOWS\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\;C:\WINDOWS\System32\OpenSSH\;D:\Program Files\platform-tools;C:\Program Files (x86)\AMD APP SDK\3.0\bin\x86_64;C:\Program Files (x86)\AMD APP SDK\3.0\bin\x86;C:\Program Files\dotnet\;C:\Program Files\NVIDIA Corporation\NVIDIA NvDLISR;C:\Program Files (x86)\NVIDIA Corporation\PhysX\Common;C:\Users\cheng\AppData\Local\Microsoft\WindowsApps;C:\Program Files\NVIDIA Corporation\NVSMI;;D:\Program Files\Microsoft VS Code\binC:\Users\cheng>

設置

系統信息

高級系統設置 -> 高級

環境變量

環境變量可以理解為系統的視線 (作用域) 范圍，配置進入環境變量的可執行程序，就是進入了系統的視線范圍。打開命令窗口后輸入程序名，系統就會把在其視線內的 (環境變量內) 的程序找出來。如果程序沒有配置進入環境變量的話，那系統自然就找不到。

• 系統變量針對所有用戶起作用，為了安全起見，一般配置用戶環境變量。
• 用戶變量只對當前用戶起作用，不建議為了省事而配置系統環境變量。

1.5 用戶變量和系統變量的優先級

1.5.1 普通變量

如果在用戶變量和系統變量中創建同名變量，那么 Windows 會將用戶變量覆蓋系統變量。在 cmd 中輸出的是用戶變量中該變量的值。

對于普通變量，用戶環境變量優先級高于系統環境變量。系統會先檢查用戶變量，之后再檢查系統變量。

Microsoft Windows [版本 10.0.22621.1265] (c) Microsoft Corporation。保留所有權利。C:\Users\cheng>echo %TEMP% C:\Users\cheng\AppData\Local\TempC:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %TMP% C:\Users\cheng\AppData\Local\TempC:\Users\cheng>

1.5.2 Path 變量

?1. 環境變量不區分大小寫，path / PATH / Path 表示指定可執行文件的搜索路徑。
2. echo %path% 可以得到 path 變量的值 (系統變量中的值與用戶變量中的值的組合)，用戶變量 path 內容會跟在系統變量 path 內容的后面。
3. 對于 Path 變量，系統環境變量優先級高于用戶環境變量。
4. Windows 系統在執行用戶命令時，若用戶未給出文件的絕對路徑，則首先在當前目錄下尋找相應的可執行文件。然后在系統變量的 path / PATH / Path 路徑中查找，如果找不到，再到用戶變量的 path / PATH / Path 路徑中查找。

Windows 對于 Path 變量的處理方式是，將用戶變量的 Path 添加到系統變量 Path 后面。Windows 在查找指令的時候，是按 Path 中的路徑從前往后找，直至在某個路徑中找到了該指令。如果系統變量 Path 中有對應指令的話，Windows 就不會再去用戶變量 Path 中查找。

2. Setting the path and variables in Windows 10

From the desktop, right-click the Computer icon and select Properties. If you don’t have a Computer icon on your desktop, click Start, right-click the Computer option in the Start menu, and select Properties.

Click the Advanced System Settings link in the left column.

In the System Properties window, click on the Advanced tab, then click the Environment Variables button near the bottom of that tab.

In the Environment Variables window, highlight the Path variable in the System variables section and click the Edit button. Add or modify the path lines with the paths you want the computer to access. Each different directory is separated with a semicolon, as shown below.

You can edit other environment variables by highlighting the variable in the System variables section and clicking Edit. If you need to create a new environment variable, click New and enter the variable name and variable value.

此電腦 -> 高級系統設置

環境變量

3. List of environment variables in Windows 10

Microsoft Windows [版本 10.0.17763.1158] (c) 2018 Microsoft Corporation。保留所有權利。C:\Users\cheng>echo %COMMONPROGRAMFILES% C:\Program Files\Common FilesC:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %COMMONPROGRAMFILES(x86)% C:\Program Files (x86)\Common FilesC:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %COMSPEC% C:\Windows\system32\cmd.exeC:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %HOMEDRIVE% C:C:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %HOMEPATH% \Users\chengC:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %SYSTEMROOT% C:\WindowsC:\Users\cheng>echo %WINDIR% C:\WindowsC:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %TMP% C:\Users\cheng\AppData\Local\TempC:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %TEMP% C:\Users\cheng\AppData\Local\TempC:\Users\cheng>

%COMMONPROGRAMFILES% - C:\Program Files\Common Files
%COMMONPROGRAMFILES(x86)% - C:\Program Files (x86)\Common Files
%COMSPEC% - C:\Windows\System32\cmd.exe
%HOMEDRIVE% - C:
%HOMEPATH% - C:\Users\<username>
%SYSTEMROOT% - C:\Windows
%WINDIR% - C:\Windows
%TMP% - C:\Users\<username>\AppData\Local\Temp
%TEMP% - C:\Users\<username>\AppData\Local\Temp

Microsoft Windows [版本 10.0.17763.1158] (c) 2018 Microsoft Corporation。保留所有權利。C:\Users\cheng>echo %APPDATA% C:\Users\cheng\AppData\RoamingC:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %ALLUSERSPROFILE% C:\ProgramDataC:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %CD% C:\Users\chengC:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %CMDEXTVERSION% 2C:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %DATE% 2020/05/04 周一C:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %ERRORLEVEL% 0C:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %LOCALAPPDATA% C:\Users\cheng\AppData\LocalC:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %LOGONSERVER% \\YONGQIANGC:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %PATH% C:\Program Files (x86)\Intel\Intel(R) Management Engine Components\iCLS\;C:\Program Files\Intel\Intel(R) Management Engine Components\iCLS\;C:\Windows\system32;C:\Windows;C:\Windows\System32\Wbem;C:\Windows\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\;C:\Windows\System32\OpenSSH\;C:\Program Files (x86)\NVIDIA Corporation\PhysX\Common;C:\Program Files (x86)\Intel\Intel(R) Management Engine Components\DAL;C:\Program Files\Intel\Intel(R) Management Engine Components\DAL;C:\Program Files (x86)\Intel\Intel(R) Management Engine Components\IPT;C:\Program Files\Intel\Intel(R) Management Engine Components\IPT;C:\Program Files\Intel\WiFi\bin\;C:\Program Files\Common Files\Intel\WirelessCommon\;C:\Windows\system32;C:\Windows;C:\Windows\System32\Wbem;C:\Windows\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\;C:\Windows\System32\OpenSSH\;C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\130\Tools\Binn\;C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.1\Windows Performance Toolkit\;C:\Users\cheng\AppData\Local\Microsoft\WindowsApps;C:\Program Files\NVIDIA Corporation\NVSMI;C:\Users\cheng>

%APPDATA% - C:\Users\<username>\AppData\Roaming
%ALLUSERSPROFILE% - C:\ProgramData
%CD% - Typing in this command will give you the current directory you are working in.
%CMDEXTVERSION% - This variable expands to the version of the command-line extensions.
%DATE% - This variable will give you the current date according to date format preferences.
%ERRORLEVEL% - Determines the error level set by last executing command.
%LOCALAPPDATA% - C:\Users\<username>\AppData\Local
%LOGONSERVER% - \\<domain_logon_server>
%PATH% - C:\Windows\system32;C:\Windows;

Microsoft Windows [版本 10.0.17763.1158] (c) 2018 Microsoft Corporation。保留所有權利。C:\Users\cheng>echo %PATHEXT% .COM;.EXE;.BAT;.CMD;.VBS;.VBE;.JS;.JSE;.WSF;.WSH;.MSCC:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %PROGRAMDATA% C:\ProgramDataC:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %PROGRAMFILES% C:\Program FilesC:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %PROGRAMW6432% C:\Program FilesC:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %PROGRAMFILES(X86)% C:\Program Files (x86)C:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %PROMPT% $P$GC:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %SYSTEMDRIVE% C:C:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %TIME% 12:34:57.39C:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %USERNAME% chengC:\Users\cheng>

%PATHEXT% - .com;.exe;.bat;.cmd;.vbs;.vbe;.js;.jse;.wsf;.wsh;.msc
%PROGRAMDATA% - C:\ProgramData
%PROGRAMFILES% - C:\Program Files
%PROGRAMW6432% - C:\Program Files
%PROGRAMFILES(X86)% - C:\Program Files (x86)
%PROMPT% - $P$G
%SYSTEMDRIVE% - C:
%TIME% - Similarly, it gives you current time according to the time format preferences.
%USERNAME% - <username>

Microsoft Windows [版本 10.0.17763.1158] (c) 2018 Microsoft Corporation。保留所有權利。C:\Users\cheng>echo %USERPROFILE% C:\Users\chengC:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %USERDOMAIN% YONGQIANGC:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %USERDOMAIN_ROAMINGPROFILE% YONGQIANGC:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %PUBLIC% C:\Users\PublicC:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %PSMODULEPATH% C:\Program Files\WindowsPowerShell\Modules;C:\Windows\system32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\ModulesC:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %ONEDRIVE% C:\Users\cheng\OneDriveC:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %CMDCMDLINE% "C:\Windows\system32\cmd.exe"C:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %COMPUTERNAME% YONGQIANGC:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %PROCESSOR_REVISION% 9e0aC:\Users\cheng>

%USERPROFILE% - C:\Users\<username>
%USERDOMAIN% - Userdomain associated with current user.
%USERDOMAIN_ROAMINGPROFILE% - Userdomain associated with roaming profile.
%PUBLIC% - C:\Users\Public
%PSMODULEPATH% - %SystemRoot%\system32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\Modules\
%ONEDRIVE% - C:\Users\<username>\OneDrive
%CMDCMDLINE% - Outputs command line used to launch the current Command Prompt session.
%COMPUTERNAME% -Outputs the system name.
%PROCESSOR_REVISION% - Outputs processor revision.

Microsoft Windows [版本 10.0.17763.1158] (c) 2018 Microsoft Corporation。保留所有權利。C:\Users\cheng>echo %PROCESSOR_IDENTIFIER% Intel64 Family 6 Model 158 Stepping 10, GenuineIntelC:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %PROCESSOR_LEVEL% 6C:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %RANDOM% 25197C:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS% 12C:\Users\cheng> C:\Users\cheng>echo %OS% Windows_NTC:\Users\cheng>

%PROCESSOR_IDENTIFIER% - Outputs processor identifier.
%PROCESSOR_LEVEL% - Outputs processor level.
%RANDOM% - This variable prints a random number from 0 through 32767
%NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS% - Outputs the number of physical and virtual cores.
%OS% - Windows_NT

References

https://yongqiang.blog.csdn.net/

總結

以上是生活随笔為你收集整理的Windows 10 / 11 环境变量 (用户变量与系统变量)的全部內容，希望文章能夠幫你解決所遇到的問題。

如果覺得生活随笔網站內容還不錯，歡迎將生活随笔推薦給好友。