kubernetes一步一步搭建与https访问
原文鏈接：https://blog.csdn.net/xxb249/article/details/79437989
（1）kubernetes一步一步搭建
眾所周知，kubernetes（簡稱k8s）是用于管理docker集群的，最近一段時間一直在折騰環境問題，在此寫一篇博客，來幫助像我一樣的小白，避免走彎路。
一、環境
集群環境
| 角色 | IP地址 | 版本號 | Docker版本 | 系統版本 |
| master | 192.63.63.1/24 | v1.9.1 | 17.12.0-ce | Centos7.1 |
| node1 | 192.63.63.10/24 | v1.9.1 | 17.12.0-ce | Centos7.1 |
| node2 | 192.63.63.20/24 | v1.9.1 | 17.12.0-ce | Centos7.1 |
Master節點必需組件
| 組件名稱 | 作用 | 版本號 |
| etcd | 非關系型數據庫 | v1.9.1 |
| kube-apiserver | 核心組件，所有組件均與其通信，提供Http Restful接口 | v1.9.1 |
| kube-controller-manager | 集群內部管理中心，負責各類資源管理，如RC，Pod，命名空間等 | v1.9.1 |
| kube-scheduler | 調度組件，負責node的調度 | v1.9.1 |
?Node節點必需組件
| 組件名稱 | 作用 | 版本號 |
| kubelet | Node節點中核心組件，負責執行Master下發的任務 | v1.9.1 |
| kube-proxy | 代理，負責kubelet與apiserver網絡。相當于負載均衡，將請求轉到后端pod中 | v1.9.1 |
?二、安裝
? 在看《Kubernetes權威指南》通過yum install方式安裝。截止目前（2018-02-27）通過yum安裝的版本是1.5.2，而最新版本是1.9.1。兩個版本之間差異還是比較大，主要差異kubelet配置文件中不在支持api-server參數。
雖然yum安裝的不是最新版本，但是我們還是可以借鑒一些內容，例如systemd腳本服務，k8s各個配置文件。
2.0?安裝etcd
上面介紹了etcd是數據庫，用于存儲k8s相關數據。etcd并不屬于k8s組件，因此需要單獨安裝一下，安裝很方便，通過yum安裝即可。目前yum安裝的最新版本是3.2.11。
[root@localhost ~]# yum install etcd2.1?下載并安裝
最新版本下載地址，只需下載Server Binaries。因為node節點必需的組件，也包含在這個Server Binaries中。下載完畢后，進行解壓并把可執行文件拷貝到系統目錄中
[root@localhost packet]# [root@localhost packet]# tar -zxf kubernetes-server-linux-amd64.tar.gz [root@localhost packet]# ls kubernetes kubernetes-server-linux-amd64.tar.gz opensrc [root@localhost packet]# [root@localhost packet]# cd kubernetes/server/bin [root@localhost bin]# cp apiextensions-apiserver cloud-controller-manager hyperkube kubeadm kube-aggregator kube-apiserver kube-controller-manager kubectl kubelet kube-proxy kube-scheduler mounter /usr/bin [root@localhost bin]?
2.2?配置systemd服務
??下面這些文件均來自kubernetes1.5.2 rpm包，存放目錄為/usr/lib/systemd/system
[root@localhost system]# cat kube-apiserver.service [Unit] Description=Kubernetes API Server Documentation=https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/kubernetes After=network.target After=etcd.service[Service] EnvironmentFile=-/etc/kubernetes/config EnvironmentFile=-/etc/kubernetes/apiserver User=kube ExecStart=/usr/bin/kube-apiserver \$KUBE_LOGTOSTDERR \$KUBE_LOG_LEVEL \$KUBE_ETCD_SERVERS \$KUBE_API_ADDRESS \$KUBE_API_PORT \$KUBELET_PORT \$KUBE_ALLOW_PRIV \$KUBE_SERVICE_ADDRESSES \$KUBE_ADMISSION_CONTROL \$KUBE_API_ARGS Restart=on-failure Type=notify LimitNOFILE=65536[Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target[root@localhost system]# [root@localhost system]# cat kube-controller-manager.service [Unit] Description=Kubernetes Controller Manager Documentation=https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/kubernetes[Service] EnvironmentFile=-/etc/kubernetes/config EnvironmentFile=-/etc/kubernetes/controller-manager User=kube ExecStart=/usr/bin/kube-controller-manager \$KUBE_LOGTOSTDERR \$KUBE_LOG_LEVEL \$KUBE_MASTER \$KUBE_CONTROLLER_MANAGER_ARGS Restart=on-failure LimitNOFILE=65536[Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target [root@localhost system]# [root@localhost system]# [root@localhost system]# cat kubelet.service [Unit] Description=Kubernetes Kubelet Server Documentation=https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/kubernetes After=docker.service Requires=docker.service[Service] WorkingDirectory=/var/lib/kubelet EnvironmentFile=-/etc/kubernetes/config EnvironmentFile=-/etc/kubernetes/kubelet ExecStart=/usr/bin/kubelet \$KUBE_LOGTOSTDERR \$KUBE_LOG_LEVEL \$KUBELET_API_SERVER \$KUBELET_ADDRESS \$KUBELET_PORT \$KUBELET_HOSTNAME \$KUBE_ALLOW_PRIV \$KUBELET_ARGS Restart=on-failure KillMode=process[Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target [root@localhost system]# [root@localhost system]# [root@localhost system]# cat kube-proxy.service [Unit] Description=Kubernetes Kube-Proxy Server Documentation=https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/kubernetes After=network.target[Service] EnvironmentFile=-/etc/kubernetes/config EnvironmentFile=-/etc/kubernetes/proxy ExecStart=/usr/bin/kube-proxy \$KUBE_LOGTOSTDERR \$KUBE_LOG_LEVEL \$KUBE_MASTER \$KUBE_PROXY_ARGS Restart=on-failure LimitNOFILE=65536[Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target [root@localhost system]# [root@localhost system]# [root@localhost system]# cat kube-scheduler.service [Unit] Description=Kubernetes Scheduler Plugin Documentation=https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/kubernetes[Service] EnvironmentFile=-/etc/kubernetes/config EnvironmentFile=-/etc/kubernetes/scheduler User=kube ExecStart=/usr/bin/kube-scheduler \$KUBE_LOGTOSTDERR \$KUBE_LOG_LEVEL \$KUBE_MASTER \$KUBE_SCHEDULER_ARGS Restart=on-failure LimitNOFILE=65536[Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target [root@localhost system]#2.3?配置k8s
??通過systemd服務配置文件可知需創建/etc/kubernetes目錄以及相關文件
[root@localhost kubernetes]# ls apiserver config controller-manager kubelet proxy scheduler [root@localhost kubernetes]# [root@localhost kubernetes]# cat config ### # kubernetes system config # # The following values are used to configure various aspects of all # kubernetes services, including # # kube-apiserver.service # kube-controller-manager.service # kube-scheduler.service # kubelet.service # kube-proxy.service # logging to stderr means we get it in the systemd journal KUBE_LOGTOSTDERR="--logtostderr=true"# journal message level, 0 is debug KUBE_LOG_LEVEL="--v=0"# Should this cluster be allowed to run privileged docker containers KUBE_ALLOW_PRIV="--allow-privileged=false"# How the controller-manager, scheduler, and proxy find the apiserver KUBE_MASTER="--master=http://127.0.0.1:8080" [root@localhost kubernetes]#????Apiserver需要將--insecure-bind-address地址修改為0.0.0.0（修改為大網ip地址），接收任意地址的連接。
[root@localhost kubernetes]# cat apiserver ### # kubernetes system config # # The following values are used to configure the kube-apiserver # # The address on the local server to listen to. KUBE_API_ADDRESS="--insecure-bind-address=0.0.0.0"# The port on the local server to listen on. # KUBE_API_PORT="--port=8080"# Port minions listen on # KUBELET_PORT="--kubelet-port=10250"# Comma separated list of nodes in the etcd cluster KUBE_ETCD_SERVERS="--etcd-servers=http://127.0.0.1:2379"# Address range to use for services KUBE_SERVICE_ADDRESSES="--service-cluster-ip-range=10.254.0.0/16"# default admission control policies #KUBE_ADMISSION_CONTROL="--admission-control=NamespaceLifecycle,NamespaceExists,LimitRanger,SecurityContextDeny,ServiceAccount,ResourceQuota" KUBE_ADMISSION_CONTROL="--admission-control=NamespaceLifecycle,NamespaceExists,LimitRanger,SecurityContextDeny,ResourceQuota"# Add your own! KUBE_API_ARGS="" [root@localhost kubernetes]#????????Kubelet配置文件，最重要的配置是執行apiserver所在的地址，但是在v1.8版本之后不再支持--api-servers，因此需要注釋掉，那么問題來了，kubelet是如何指定api-server地址呢？
[root@localhost kubernetes]# cat kubelet ### # kubernetes kubelet (minion) config# The address for the info server to serve on (set to 0.0.0.0 or "" for all interfaces) KUBELET_ADDRESS="--address=127.0.0.1"# The port for the info server to serve on KUBELET_PORT="--port=10250"# You may leave this blank to use the actual hostname KUBELET_HOSTNAME="--hostname-override=127.0.0.1"# location of the api-server ##KUBELET_API_SERVER="--api-servers=http://127.0.0.1:8080"# pod infrastructure container KUBELET_POD_INFRA_CONTAINER="--pod-infra-container-image=docker.io/kubernetes/pause"# Add your own! KUBELET_ARGS="--fail-swap-on=false --cgroup-driver=cgroupfs --kubeconfig=/var/lib/kubelet/kubeconfig"下面幾個配置文件內容基本是空，沒有什么內容。
[root@localhost kubernetes]# cat controller-manager ### # The following values are used to configure the kubernetes controller-manager# defaults from config and apiserver should be adequate# Add your own! KUBE_CONTROLLER_MANAGER_ARGS="" [root@localhost kubernetes]# [root@localhost kubernetes]# cat proxy ### # kubernetes proxy config# default config should be adequate# Add your own! KUBE_PROXY_ARGS=" [root@localhost kubernetes]# [root@localhost kubernetes]# cat scheduler ### # kubernetes scheduler config# default config should be adequate# Add your own! KUBE_SCHEDULER_ARGS="--loglevel=0"以上配置均是在master節點中進行配置，配置完成后這樣k8s就是一個單節點集群--既運行master也運行node的環境。只不過node還有問題，下面介紹。
三、http方式
??前面已經介紹過，在v1.8版本之后kubelet不再支持api-server參數，那么在新版本kubelet如何才能與api-server進行通信呢？是通過kubeconfig參數，指定配置文件（這個地方是一個大坑，坑了我好長一段時間）。
??在/etc/kubernetes/kubelet配置文件中有一個配置項，
KUBELET_ARGS="--fail-swap-on=false --cgroup-driver=cgroupfs --kubeconfig=/var/lib/kubelet/kubeconfig"
??指定kubeconfig所在的目錄，內容如下：
[root@localhost kubernetes]# [root@localhost kubernetes]# cat /var/lib/kubelet/kubeconfig apiVersion: v1 clusters: - cluster:server: http://127.0.0.1:8080name: myk8s contexts: - context:cluster: myk8suser: ""name: myk8s-context current-context: myk8s-context kind: Config preferences: {} users: [] [root@localhost kubernetes]#解釋一下上面內容：
????1)?clusters -?代表集群，支持多個集群。里面需要制定server，即api-server所在地址。此處也支持https方式，后面詳細介紹。
????2)?contexts -?集群上下文，支持多個上下文
????3)?current-context -?表示當前使用的上下文
?其他字段在介紹https方式時在進行說明。
至此，單節點集群部署完成，我們需要啟動各個服務。
[root@localhost k8s]# systemctl start docker [root@localhost k8s]# systemctl start etcd [root@localhost k8s]# systemctl start kube-apiserver [root@localhost k8s]# systemctl start kube-controller-manager [root@localhost k8s]# systemctl start kube-scheduler [root@localhost k8s]# systemctl start kubelet [root@localhost k8s]# systemctl start kube-proxy [root@localhost k8s]#驗證環境是否正常：
[root@localhost k8s]# [root@localhost k8s]# kubectl get nodes NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION 127.0.0.1 Ready <none> 16d v1.9.1 [root@localhost k8s]# [root@localhost k8s]#以上內容只是master節點上配置，下面我們在node1中配置http方式訪問api-server。
????首先需要將kubelet、kube-proxy進程以及先關配置文件拷貝到node1中，然后把可執行程序以及配置文件拷貝到對應目錄中：
[root@node1 k8s_node]# [root@node1 k8s_node]# ls bin-file/ config-file/ bin-file/: kubelet kube-proxy config-file/: config kubeconfig kubelet kubelet.service kube-proxy.service proxy [root@node1 k8s_node]# [root@node1 k8s_node]# [root@node1 k8s_node]# mv bin-file/kubelet bin-file/kube-proxy /usr/bin [root@node1 k8s_node]# mkdir /etc/kubernetes [root@node1 k8s_node]# mv config-file/config config-file/kubelet config-file/proxy /etc/kubernetes/ [root@node1 k8s_node]# mv config-file/kubelet.service config-file/kube-proxy.service /usr/lib/systemd/system [root@node1 k8s_node]# [root@node1 k8s_node]# mkdir /var/lib/kubelet [root@node1 k8s_node]# mv config-file/kubeconfig /var/lib/kubelet/ [root@node1 k8s_node]#重點：
1）修改/var/lib/kubelet/kubeconfig文件中server的ip地址，修改為http://192.63.63.1:8080
2）修改/etc/kubernetes/kubelet文件中KUBELET_HOSTNAME將其修改為"--hostname-override=node1"
分別啟動服務docker、kubelet、kube-proxy，然后在master進行驗證：
[root@localhost ~]# [root@localhost ~]# kubectl get nodes NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION 127.0.0.1 Ready <none> 17d v1.9.1 node1 Ready <none> 5m v1.9.1 [root@localhost ~]#當出現name是node1，且status是Ready，則表示部署成功。
至此，k8s部署且http方式介紹完
（2）k8s實現https方式通訊
http方式是不安全，如果內部使用還可以，若是部署到外部則需要使用https增加安全性。下面介紹如何在node2上采用https方式。
???????上面說到/var/lib/kubelet/kubeconfig文件，并非手動創建，而是通過命令行kubectl config進行配置，配置完成之后就會自動生成。
??簡單介紹一下ApiServer認證，認證一共有三種方式：
??1）Https雙向認證，是雙向認證啊，不是單向認證（最安全）。
??2）Http Token認證
??3）Http Base認證，用戶名和密碼
??我們之前介紹http方式是沒有任何認證措施的，也就是說只要能訪問master的主機都可以與其進行通信。特別說明：kubectl命令行工具既同時支持CA雙向認證也支持簡單認證（http base或者token）兩種模式與apiserver進行通信，但其他組件只能配置成一種模式。
??下面開始進行各類證書的生成以及kubeconfig文件的生成。
??證書生成，可采用openssl，也可以采用CFSSL工具。下面這篇博客，采用的是CFSSL工具：http://www.cnblogs.com/netsa/p/8126155.html
我比較熟悉openssl，因此介紹openssl使用方式
一、?生成各類證書
0）環境配置
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir kube-ca [root@localhost kube-ca]# [root@localhost kube-ca]# mkdir -p ./{certs,private,newcerts} [root@localhost kube-ca]# touch ./index.txt [root@localhost kube-ca]# echo 01 > ./serial [root@localhost kube-ca]#修改openssl配置文件，主要是擴展x509，設置多ip。
[root@localhost kube-ca]# vi /etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf [ CA_default ] #dir = /etc/pki/CA # Where everything is kept dir = /etc/kubernetes/kube-ca # 重新指定目錄 certs = $dir/certs # Where the issued certs are kept crl_dir = $dir/crl # Where the issued crl are kept database = $dir/index.txt # database index file. #unique_subject = no # Set to 'no' to allow creation of# several ctificates with same subject. new_certs_dir = $dir/newcerts # default place for new certs. certificate = $dir/cacert.pem # The CA certificate serial = $dir/serial # The current serial number crlnumber = $dir/crlnumber # the current crl number# must be commented out to leave a V1 CRL crl = $dir/crl.pem # The current CRL private_key = $dir/private/cakey.pem # The private key RANDFILE = $dir/private/.rand # private random number file x509_extensions = usr_cert # 擴展x509_extension是usr_cert項[usr_cer] subjectAltName = @alt_names#擴展多個IP [alt_names] IP.1 = 127.0.0.1 IP.2 = 192.168.1.105 IP.3 = 192.63.63.1 IP.4 = 192.63.63.201）生成CA根證書
生成https私鑰
[root@localhost kube-ca]# [root@localhost kube-ca]# openssl genrsa -out private/ca.key 2048 Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus ..................................+++ .......................................................................+++ e is 65537 (0x10001) [root@localhost kube-ca]#生成https證書
[root@localhost kube-ca]# openssl req -new -x509 -key private/ca.key -out certs/ca.crt You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated into your certificate request. What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN. There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank For some fields there will be a default value, If you enter '.', the field will be left blank. ----- Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:CN State or Province Name (full name) []:BeiJing Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:BeiJing Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]: Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []: Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:mykubeca.io Email Address []:abcd@abc.com [root@localhost kube-ca]#其中Common Name 是隨意指定mykubeca.io。
2）生成apiserver證書
生成服務端私鑰
[root@localhost kube-ca]# mkdir apiserver [root@localhost kube-ca]# openssl genrsa -out apiserver/apiserver.key 2048 Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus ...............+++ ................+++ e is 65537 (0x10001) [root@localhost kube-ca]#2)修改/etc/kubernetes/apiserver配置文件,在KUBE_API_ARGS中增加如下配置：
--client-ca-file=/etc/kubernetes/ca/ca.crt --tls-private-key- file=/etc/kubernetes/ca/apiserver.key --tls-cert-file=/etc/kubernetes/ca/apiserver.crt重啟apiserver，apiserver默認監聽端口是6443端口，通過curl進行校驗：
[root@localhost kube-ca] curl https://192.63.63.1:6443/api/v1/nodes --cert/etc/kubernetes/kube-ca/client/client.crt --key /etc/kubernetes/kube-ca/client/client.key--cacert /etc/kubernetes/kube-ca/certs/ca.crt -v如果能正常顯示數據，則認為證書配置成功，否則證書配置失敗。
1.2.2?修改node節點
1）Node節點，一般運行kubelet、kube-proxy兩個組件，為了方便二者使用同一份客戶端證書。將ca根證書，client私鑰和證書拷貝到node2中/etc/kubernets/ca目錄中。
2）創建kebeconfig文件，依次執行一下命令，會生成兩個文件kubelet.kubeconfig和kube-proxy.kubeconfig
--------------------- 本文來自 xxb249 的CSDN 博客 ，全文地址請點擊：https://blog.csdn.net/xxb249/article/details/79449434?utm_source=copy
export KUBE_APISERVER="https://192.63.63.1:6443"kubectl config set-cluster kubernetes \ -- certificate-authority=/etc/kubernetes/ca/ca.crt \ --server=${KUBE_APISERVER} \ -- kubeconfig=kubelet.kubeconfig kubectl config set-credentials kubelet \ --client- certificate=/etc/kubernetes/ca/client.crt \ --client-key=/etc/kubernetes/ca/client.key \ --kubeconfig=kubelet.kubeconfig kubectl config set-context default \ --cluster=kubernetes \ --user=kubelet \ --kubeconfig=kubelet.kubeconfig kubectl config use-context default -- kubeconfig=kubelet.kubeconfig kubectl config set-cluster kubernetes \ --certificate- authority=/etc/kubernetes/ca/ca.crt \ --server=${KUBE_APISERVER} \ --kubeconfig=kube- proxy.kubeconfig kubectl config set-credentials kube-proxy \ --client- certificate=/etc/kubernetes/ca/client.crt \ --client-key=/etc/kubernetes/ca/client.key \ --kubeconfig=kube-proxy.kubeconfig kubectl config set-context default \ -- cluster=kubernetes \ --user=kube-proxy \ --kubeconfig=kube-proxy.kubeconfig kubectl config use-context default --kubeconfig=kube-proxy.kubeconfig將文件kubele.kubeconfig拷貝到/var/lib/kubelet以及文件kube-proxy.kubeconfig拷貝到/var/lib/kube-proxy中，如果沒有上述目錄則創建。
3）修改配置文件，
修改/etc/kubernetes/kubelet文件，在KUBELET_ARGS中增加--kubeconfig=/var/lib/kubelet/kubelet.kubeconfig
修改修改/etc/kubernetes/proxy文件，在KUBELET_ARGS中增加--kubeconfig=/var/lib/kubelet/kube-proxy.kubeconfig
重新啟動kubelet和kube-proxy服務，然后在master節點中，查看nodes信息:
--------------------- 本文來自 xxb249 的CSDN 博客 ，全文地址請點擊：https://blog.csdn.net/xxb249/article/details/79449434?utm_source=copy
[root@localhost ~]#[root@localhost ~]# kubectl get nodesNAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION127.0.0.1 Ready <none> 17d v1.9.1node1 Ready <none> 5m v1.9.1node2 Ready <none> 1m v1.9.1[root@localhost ~]#下面是kubelet.kubeconfig和kube-proxy.kubeconfig文件內容如下：
[root@localhost kube-proxy]# cat /var/lib/kubelet/kubelet.kubeconfigapiVersion: v1clusters:- cluster: certificate-authority: /etc/kubernetes/ca/ca.crt server: https://192.169.122.1:6443 name: kubernetescontexts:- context: cluster: kubernetes user: kubelet name: defaultcurrent-context: defaultkind: Configpreferences: {}users:- name: kubelet user: as-user-extra: {} client-certificate: /etc/kubernetes/ca/client.crt client-key: /etc/kubernetes/ca/client.key[root@localhost kube-proxy]# [root@localhost kube-proxy]# cat /var/lib/kube-proxy/kube-proxy.kubeconfigapiVersion: v1clusters:- cluster: certificate-authority: /etc/kubernetes/ca/ca.crt server: https://192.169.122.1:6443 name: kubernetescontexts:- context: cluster: kubernetes user: kube-proxy name: defaultcurrent-context: defaultkind: Configpreferences: {}users:- name: kube-proxy user: as-user-extra: {} client-certificate: /etc/kubernetes/ca/client.crt client-key: /etc/kubernetes/ca/client.key[root@localhost kube-proxy]#二、遇到問題
問題1：
[root@localhost controller]# curl https://127.0.0.1:443/api/v1/nodes --cert /etc/kubernetes/kube-ca/client/client.crt --key /etc/kubernetes/kube-ca/client/client.key --cacert /etc/kubernetes/kube-ca/certs/ca.crt -v
* About to connect() to 127.0.0.1 port 443 (#0)
*? ?Trying 127.0.0.1...
* Connected to 127.0.0.1 (127.0.0.1) port 443 (#0)
* Initializing NSS with certpath: sql:/etc/pki/nssdb
*? ?CAfile: /etc/kubernetes/kube-ca/certs/ca.crt
? CApath: none
* NSS error -12190 (SSL_ERROR_PROTOCOL_VERSION_ALERT)
* Peer reports incompatible or unsupported protocol version.
* Closing connection 0
curl: (35) Peer reports incompatible or unsupported protocol version.
解決方法：
更新以下軟件：
yum update nss nss-util nspr
yum update curl
問題2：之前通過kubectl get nodes提示無法找到master之類錯誤（具體是啥錯誤不清楚了）
解決方式1：kubectl get nodes --kubeconfig=XXX 指定kubeconfig文件，可以參考kubelet的文件
解決方式2：kubectl默認讀取~/.kube/config,這個config文件里面有設置server地址。其實這個config文件就是kubeconfig文件。
至此，https方式訪問介紹完成，后面介紹token和basic方式。
--------------------- 本文來自 xxb249 的CSDN 博客 ，全文地址請點擊：https://blog.csdn.net/xxb249/article/details/79449434?utm_source=copy
總結
以上是生活随笔為你收集整理的kubernetes一步一步搭建与https访问的全部內容，希望文章能夠幫你解決所遇到的問題。
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