由于我從網上弄到的是英文版，所以打算硬啃，也當鍛煉自己的英文能力了，如果我關于書的理解有什么錯誤，各位路過的讀者歡迎指出

Preface 序言

About this book 關于本書

We believe that learning in computer science and engineering should reflect the current state of the field, as well as introduce the principles that are shaping computing. We also feel that readers in every specialty of computing need to appreciate the organizational paradigms that determine the capabilities, performance, energy, and, ultimately, the success of computer systems.
我們相信，在計算機科學與工程的學習當中，應該反映出當前領域的狀況，以及對塑造了計算機的原則的介紹。我們同樣覺得每一位計算機專業的讀者都要明白組織范式決定了性能，表現，功耗而最終決定了計算系統的成敗。

Modern computer technology requires professionals of every computing specialty to understand both hardware and software. The interaction between hardware and software at a variety of levels also offers a framework for understanding the fundamentals of computing. Whether your primary interest is hardware or software, computer science or electrical engineering, the central ideas in computer organization and design are the same. Thus, our emphasis in this book is to show the relationship between hardware and software and to focus on the concepts that are the basis for current computers.
現代計算機技術需要計算機專業的專家同時懂得軟件和硬件。軟件和硬件再不同層面上的交互也為理解計算機的基礎提供了框架。無論你最初的興趣是硬件或者軟件，計算機科學又或者是電器工程,計算機組成和設計中的中心思想總是不變的。因此，本書的重點就是展現出軟硬件之間的聯系，并且關注現代計算機中的的基本概念。

The recent switch from uniprocessor to multicore microprocessors confirmed the soundness of this perspective, given since the first edition. While programmers could ignore the advice and rely on computer architects, compiler writers, and silicon engineers to make their programs run faster or be more energy-efficient without change, that era is over. For programs to run faster, they must become parallel. While the goal of many researchers is to make it possible for programmers to be unaware of the underlying parallel nature of the hardware they are programming, it will take many years to realize this vision. Our view is that for at least the next decade, most programmers are going to have to understand the hardware/software interface if they want programs to run efficiently on parallel computers

近期從單核處理器到多核微處理器的轉變證實了從第一版就提出的觀點的可靠性。盡管編程者可以無視建議并且依賴計算機架構者，編譯器編寫者以及硅工程師去讓他們的程序跑的更快或者在不更改程序的情況下提高執行效率，但那樣的時代已經過去了。想讓程序跑的更快，就得讓他們并行執行。雖然眾多學者的目標是讓程序員意識不到他們在并行運行的硬件上編程，但是這一愿望的實現需要花費許多年。我們認為至少在下一個十年，許多程序員想要讓他們的程序在并行運行的計算機上有效率的運行，就必須了解軟硬件之間的接口。

The audience for this book includes those with little experience in assembly language or logic design who need to understand basic computer organization as well as readers with backgrounds in assembly language and/or logic design who want to learn how to design a computer or understand how a system works and why it performs as it does.

這本書的受眾包括那些沒有匯編語言或者邏輯設計經驗的并且需要了解計算機組成的人，以及由匯編語言或邏輯設計的背景并且想要設計計算機或者理解計算機系統是如何以及為什么者運作的人。

About Other Book 關于其他的書

Some readers may be familiar with Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach, popularly known as Hennessy and Patterson. (This book in turn is often called Patterson and Hennessy.) Our motivation in writing the earlier book was to describe the principles of computer architecture using solid engineering fundamentals and quantitative cost/performance tradeoffs. We used an approach that combined examples and measurements, based on commercial systems, to create realistic design experiences. Our goal was to demonstrate that computer architecture could be learned using quantitative methodologies instead of a descriptive approach. It was intended for the serious computing professional who wanted a detailed understanding of computers.

有些讀者可能對《計算級架構：一種量化的研究方法》這本書比較熟悉，一般被叫做Hennessy and Patterson。（這本書也被叫做 Patterson and Hennessy）我們編寫之前的書的動機是用堅固的工程學基礎和量化的成本/性能平衡來描述計算機架構的原則。我們采用了一種結合實例和測量的方法，基于商業的系統來創造真是的設計歷程。我們的目標是演示計算機架構能夠被以量化的方法而非描述的方法進行學習。它是打算被用于正經的，想仔細了解計算機的計算專家。

A majority of the readers for this book do not plan to become computer architects. The performance and energy efficiency of future software systems will be dramatically affected, however, by how well software designers understand the basic hardware techniques at work in a system. Thus, compiler writers, operating system designers, database programmers, and most other software engineers need a firm grounding in the principles presented in this book. Similarly, hardware designers must understand clearly the effects of their work on software
applications.

這本書的許多讀者并不打算成為計算機架構師。不過，未來軟件系統的性能與能量效率將由于軟件設計者如何理解基本的硬件技術在系統中的作用而被極大的影響。因此編譯器編寫者，操作系統設計者，數據庫程序員以及許多其他的軟件工程師需要在本書中所呈現的原則上打牢堅實的基礎。類似的，硬件設計師必須清醒的了解他們的工作對于軟件應用的作用。

Thus, we knew that this book had to be much more than a subset of the material in Computer Architecture, and the material was extensively revised to match the different audience. We were so happy with the result that the subsequent editions of Computer Architecture were revised to remove most of the introductory material; hence, there is much less overlap today than with the first editions of both books.

因此，我們知道這本書不僅僅是計算機架構的資料的子集，而且資料被修訂以適應不同的讀者。我們對“計算機架構” 的后續版本的修訂中移除大部分介紹性材料的結果感到非常高興；因此相比于第一版的兩本書，現在的版本的交疊部分減少了許多。

Why RISC-V For This Edition 為什么這一版選擇RISC-V

The choice of instruction set architecture is clearly critical to the pedagogy of a computer architecture textbook. We didn’t want an instruction set that required describing unnecessary baroque features for someone’s first instruction set, no matter how popular it is. Ideally, your initial instruction set should be an exemplar, just like your first love. Surprisingly, you remember both fondly.

在教授計算機架構的書中對于指令集架構的選擇是至關重要的。我們不希望某人的第一個指令集就需要描述不必要的奇怪的特性，不管它有多流行。理想情況下，你的第一個指令集應當是一個模范，就像你的初戀一樣。令人驚訝的是，你對兩者都記憶猶新。

Since there were so many choices at the time, for the first edition of Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach we invented our own RISC-style instruction set. Given the growing popularity and the simple elegance of the MIPS instruction set, we switched to it for the first edition of this book and to later editions of the other book. MIPS has served us and our readers well.

雖然現在有許多選擇，但是在《計算機架構：一種量化研究方法》中我們發明了自己的精簡指令型的指令集。由于MIPS指令集越來越受歡迎以及簡潔優雅，我們從這本書的第一版開始轉向了它。MIPS能很好的滿足我們和我們的讀者的需求。

It’s been 20 years since we made that switch, and while billions of chips that use MIPS continue to be shipped, they are typically in found embedded devices where the instruction set is nearly invisible. Thus, for a while now it’s been hard to find a real computer on which readers can download and run MIPS programs.

自從我們做出這次選擇后已經過了20年，雖然數十億的使用MIPS的芯片陸續發貨，但是他們經常被用在指令集難以看見的嵌入式設備中。因此，現在有一段時間難以找到讀者可以下載和運行MIPS程序的電腦了。

The good news is that an open instruction set that adheres closely to the RISC principles has recently debuted, and it is rapidly gaining a following. RISC-V, which was developed originally at UC Berkeley, not only cleans up the quirks of the MIPS instruction set, but it offers a simple, elegant, modern take on what instruction sets should look like in 2017.

好消息是一個嚴格遵守RISC原則的開源指令集亮相了，并且迅速獲得了一批追隨者。RISC-V，由UC 伯克利最先發展，不僅掃清了MIPS指令集的奇怪之處，更提供了一個簡介，優雅，現代的指令集在2017年看起來應該是什么樣子的范例。

Moreover, because it is not proprietary, there are open-source RISC-V simulators, compilers, debuggers, and so on easily available and even open-source RISC-V implementations available written in hardware description languages. In addition, there will soon be low-cost hardware platforms on which to run RISC-V programs. Readers will not only benefit from studying these RISC-V designs, they will be able to modify them and go through the implementation process in order to understand the impact of their hypothetical changes on performance, die size, and energy.

此外，由于它并不是私有的，所以有開源的RISC-V 仿真器，編譯器，調試器，等等，甚至由硬件描述語言編寫的開源的RISC-V實現。另外，很快會有用于運行RISC-V程序的低成本的硬件平臺。讀者不僅可以從學習這些RISC-V設計中受益，他們還可以對其進行修改并通過執行過程來了解他們假設的修改對性能，die大小和功耗的影響。

This is an exciting opportunity for the computing industry as well as for education, and thus at the time of this writing more than 40 companies have joined the RISC-V foundation. This sponsor list includes virtually all the major players except for ARM and Intel, including AMD, Google, Hewlett Packard Enterprise, IBM, Microsoft, NVIDIA, Oracle, and Qualcomm.

這對計算機工業和教育都是一次令人興奮的機會，因此在編寫本書時已經有超過40家公司加入了RISC-V基金會。這個贊助者名單包括除了ARM和Intel幾乎所有玩家，包括AMD，Google，惠普，IBM，微軟，英偉達，甲骨文，高通。

It is for these reasons that we wrote a RISC-V edition of this book, and we are switching Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach to RISC-V as well.

由于以上原因，我們這版書選擇了RISC-V，我們也正在將《計算機結構：一種量化方法》轉向RISC-V。

Given that RISC-V offers both 32-bit address instructions and 64-bit address instructions with essentially the same instruction set, we could have switched instruction sets but kept the address size at 32 bits. Our publisher polled the faculty who used the book and found that 75% either preferred larger addresses or were neutral, so we increased the address space to 64 bits, which may make more sense today than 32 bits.

考慮到RISC-V提供的32位地址指令和64位地址指令由本質上相同的指令集，我們可以轉換指令集但保持地址大小位32位。我們的出版商調查了使用這本書的教師，發現75%的人更喜歡大地址或者沒有偏好，因此我們增加地址空間到64位，這咋今天可能比32位更有意義。

The only changes for the RISC-V edition from the MIPS edition are those associated with the change in instruction sets, which primarily affects Chapter 2, Chapter 3, the virtual memory section in Chapter 5, and the short VMIPS example in Chapter 6. In Chapter 4, we switched to RISC-V instructions, changed several figures, and added a few “Elaboration” sections, but the changes were simpler than we had feared. Chapter 1 and the rest of the appendices are virtually unchanged. The extensive online documentation and combined with the magnitude of RISC-V make it difficult to come up with a replacement for the MIPS version of Appendix A (“Assemblers, Linkers, and the SPIM Simulator” in the MIPS Fifth Edition). Instead, Chapters 2, 3, and 5 include quick overviews of the hundreds of RISC-V instructions outside of the core RISC-V instructions that we cover in detail in the rest of the book.

相比于MIPS版本，RISC-V版本唯一的更改就是與指令集有聯系的更改，這主要影響到第2章，第3章，第五章虛擬內存的部分，和第六章短VMIPS的例子。第4章中，我們轉向了RISC-V指令集，更改了幾張圖，并且添加了一些“Elaboration”部分，但是變化比我們所擔心的還簡單。第 1 章和其余的附錄基本沒變。大量的在線文檔和相關的RISC-V使MIPS版本的附錄A很難找到替代品（MIPS第五版中的“匯編器，連接器，以及MIPS模擬器”）。另外的，第２，３，５章的快速瀏覽中包括除了RISC-V核心指令上百條RISC-V指令，我們將在本書的其余部分詳細的介紹這些指令。

Note that we are not (yet) saying that we are permanently switching to RISC-V. For example, in addition to this new RISC-V edition, there are ARMv8 and MIPS versions available for sale now. One possibility is that there will be a demand for all versions for future editions of the book, or for just one. We’ll cross that bridge when we come to it. For now, we look forward to your reaction to and feedback on this effort.

注意到我們并沒有說我們永久的轉向RISC-V。例如，除了RISC-V的版本，ARMv8和MIPS的版本依然在售。一種可能性是對本書未來的版本的所有的版本都有需求，或者只有一種版本。船到橋頭自然直。現在，我們期待您對這一努力的反應和反饋。

剩下的序言中的后幾塊我就省略了，包括本書相對于上一版的變化，以及致謝之類的，感覺不是很重要，序言就先翻譯到這里

由于我個人水平確實有限，翻譯這個書就當個愛好，希望各位讀者發現錯誤后請務必指出

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