Chapter 4 : 单行函数
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Chapter 4 : 单行函数
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SELECT LOWER('SQL: Structural Query Language')
from dual;
//dual 是一個虛表(偽表)。
UPPER(列名|表達式)
SELECT UPPER('sql is used exclusively in rdbmses')
from dual;
SELECT INITCAP('sql is an ENGLISH LIKE language')
from dual;
Output: Sql Is An English Like Language
select concat('SQL allows you to manipulate the data in DB',
????????????? ' without any programming knowledge')
from dual;
select substr('',14)
from dual;
4-4
//TODO
Connected to Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0
Connected as SYS
SQL> select Lower('SQL:Structural Quary Languae')
? 2? from dual;
LOWER('SQL:STRUCTURALQUARYLANG
------------------------------
sql:structural quary languae
SQL>
SQL> select uper('sql is used exclusively inrdbmses')
? 2? from dual;
select uper('sql is used exclusively inrdbmses')
from dual
ORA-00904: "UPER": 標識符無效
SQL>
SQL> select upper('sql is used exclusively inrdbmses')
? 2? from dual;
UPPER('SQLISUSEDEXCLUSIVELYINR
---------------------------------
SQL IS USED EXCLUSIVELY INRDBMSES
SQL>
SQL> select initcap('sql is used exclusively inrdbmses')
? 2? from dual;
INITCAP('SQLISUSEDEXCLUSIVELYI
---------------------------------
Sql Is Used Exclusively Inrdbmses
SQL> select concat('i love','baobao')
? 2? from dual;
CONCAT('ILOVE','BAOBAO')
------------------------
i lovebaobao
SQL> select substr('i need a job',2,5)
? 2? from dual;
SUBSTR('INEEDAJOB',2,5)
-----------------------
?need
SQL> select length('i need a job')
? 2? from dual;
LENGTH('INEEDAJOB')
-------------------
???????????????? 12
SQL> select instr('i need a job','e')
? 2? from dual;
INSTR('INEEDAJOB','E')
----------------------
???????????????????? 4
SQL> select instr('i need a job','a')
? 2? from dual;
INSTR('INEEDAJOB','A')
----------------------
???????????????????? 8
SQL> select instr('i need a job','z')
? 2? from dual
? 3? ;
INSTR('INEEDAJOB','Z')
----------------------
???????????????????? 0
SQL> select instr('i need a job','a')
? 2? from dual
? 3? ;
INSTR('INEEDAJOB','A')
----------------------
???????????????????? 8
SQL> select instr('i need a job','a',7)
? 2? from dual;
INSTR('INEEDAJOB','A',7)
------------------------
?????????????????????? 8
SQL> select instr('i need a job','a',11)
? 2? from dual;
INSTR('INEEDAJOB','A',11)
-------------------------
??????????????????????? 0
SQL> trim('?'FROM'?SQL*PLUSISTHESQLIMPLEMENTATIONUSEDINANORACLERDBMSORORDBMS.');
trim('?'FROM'?SQL*PLUSISTHESQLIMPLEMENTATIONUSEDINANORACLERDBMSORORDBMS.')
ORA-00900: 無效 SQL 語句
SQL> select trim('?'FROM'?SQL*PLUSISTHESQLIMPLEMENTATIONUSEDINANORACLERDBMSORORDBMS.')
? 2? from dual;
TRIM('?'FROM'?SQL*PLUSISTHESQL
----------------------------------------------------------
SQL*PLUSISTHESQLIMPLEMENTATIONUSEDINANORACLERDBMSORORDBMS.
SQL> select trim('?' from 'It can process data insetsof rows??')
? 2? from dual
? 3? ;
TRIM('?'FROM'ITCANPROCESSDATAI
---------------------------------
It can process data insetsof rows
SQL> select trim('s' from 'It can process data insetsof rows??')
? 2? from dual;
TRIM('S'FROM'ITCANPROCESSDATAI
-----------------------------------
It can process data insetsof rows??
SQL> select trim('s' from 'It can process data insetsof rows??')
? 2? from dual;
TRIM('S'FROM'ITCANPROCESSDATAI
-----------------------------------
It can process data insetsof rows??
SQL> select trim(trailing's' from 'It can process data insetsof rows??')
? 2? from dual;
TRIM(TRAILING'S'FROM'ITCANPROC
-----------------------------------
It can process data insetsof rows??
SQL>
SQL> select trim(trailing's' from 'sIt can process data insetsof rows??')
? 2? from dual;
TRIM(TRAILING'S'FROM'SITCANPRO
------------------------------------
sIt can process data insetsof rows??
SQL> select replace('sql*plus supports loops or if statements','suppoerts','doesn't support')
? 2? from dual;
? 3? ;
? 4? select replace('sql*plus supports loops or if statements','suppoerts','doesn't support')
? 5? from dual;
select replace('sql*plus supports loops or if statements','suppoerts','doesn't support')
from dual;
;
select replace('sql*plus supports loops or if statements','suppoerts','doesn't support')
from dual
ORA-00907: 缺失右括號
SQL>
SQL> select replace('sql*plus supports loops or if statements','suppoerts','doesn't support')
? 2? from dual;
? 3? select replace('sql*plus supports loops or if statements','suppoerts','doesn't support')
? 4? from dual;
select replace('sql*plus supports loops or if statements','suppoerts','doesn't support')
from dual;
select replace('sql*plus supports loops or if statements','suppoerts','doesn't support')
from dual
ORA-00907: 缺失右括號
SQL> select replace('sql*plus supports loops or if statements','suppoerts','does not support')
? 2? from dual;
REPLACE('SQL*PLUSSUPPORTSLOOPS
----------------------------------------
sql*plus supports loops or if statements
SQL> select replace('sql*plus supports loops or if statements','suppoerts','does not support')
? 2? from dual;
REPLACE('SQL*PLUSSUPPORTSLOOPS
----------------------------------------
sql*plus supports loops or if statements
SQL>
SQL> select replace('sql*plus supports loops or if statements','supports','does not support')
? 2? from dual
? 3? ;
REPLACE('SQL*PLUSSUPPORTSLOOPS
------------------------------------------------
sql*plus does not support loops or if statements
SQL> select * from emp;
EMPNO ENAME????? JOB???????? MGR HIREDATE????????? SAL????? COMM DEPTNO
----- ---------- --------- ----- ----------- --------- --------- ------
?7369 SMITH????? CLERK????? 7902 1980-12-17???? 800.00?????????????? 20
?7499 ALLEN????? SALESMAN?? 7698 1981-2-20???? 1600.00??? 300.00???? 30
?7521 WARD?????? SALESMAN?? 7698 1981-2-22???? 1250.00??? 500.00???? 30
?7566 JONES????? MANAGER??? 7839 1981-4-2????? 2975.00?????????????? 20
?7654 MARTIN???? SALESMAN?? 7698 1981-9-28???? 1250.00?? 1400.00???? 30
?7698 BLAKE????? MANAGER??? 7839 1981-5-1????? 2850.00?????????????? 30
?7782 CLARK????? MANAGER??? 7839 1981-6-9????? 2450.00?????????????? 10
?7839 KING?????? PRESIDENT?????? 1981-11-17??? 5000.00?????????????? 10
?7844 TURNER???? SALESMAN?? 7698 1981-9-8????? 1500.00????? 0.00???? 30
?7900 JAMES????? CLERK????? 7698 1981-12-3????? 950.00?????????????? 30
?7902 FORD?????? ANALYST??? 7566 1981-12-3???? 3000.00?????????????? 20
?7934 MILLER???? CLERK????? 7782 1982-1-23???? 1300.00?????????????? 10
12 rows selected
SQL> select empno,ename,job
? 2? from emp
? 3? where job='salesman';
EMPNO ENAME????? JOB
----- ---------- ---------
SQL> select empno,ename,job
? 2? where job='salesman';
select empno,ename,job
where job='salesman'
ORA-00923: 未找到要求的 FROM 關鍵字
SQL> select empno,ename,job
? 2? from emp
? 3? where job='SALESMAN';
EMPNO ENAME????? JOB
----- ---------- ---------
?7499 ALLEN????? SALESMAN
?7521 WARD?????? SALESMAN
?7654 MARTIN???? SALESMAN
?7844 TURNER???? SALESMAN
SQL> select concat(ename,job)"Employee",substr(job,1,5)"Title",length(ename)"Length",instr(job,'M')
? 2? from emp
? 3? where lower(job)="SALESMAN";
select concat(ename,job)"Employee",substr(job,1,5)"Title",length(ename)"Length",instr(job,'M')
from emp
where lower(job)="SALESMAN"
ORA-00904: "SALESMAN": 標識符無效
SQL> select concat(ename,job)"Employee",substr(job,1,5)"Title",length(ename)"Length",instr(job,'M')
? 2? from emp
? 3? where lower(job)="salesman";
select concat(ename,job)"Employee",substr(job,1,5)"Title",length(ename)"Length",instr(job,'M')
from emp
where lower(job)="salesman"
ORA-00904: "salesman": 標識符無效
SQL> select concat(ename,job)"Employee",substr(job,1,5)"Title",length(ename)"Length",instr(job,'M')
? 2? from emp
? 3? where lower(job)='salesman';
Employee??????????? Title????????? Length INSTR(JOB,'M')
------------------- ---------- ---------- --------------
ALLENSALESMAN?????? SALES?????????????? 5????????????? 6
WARDSALESMAN??????? SALES?????????????? 4????????????? 6
MARTINSALESMAN????? SALES?????????????? 6????????????? 6
TURNERSALESMAN????? SALES?????????????? 6????????????? 6
SQL> select round(166.888,1),trunc(166.88,1)
? 2? from dual;
ROUND(166.888,1) TRUNC(166.88,1)
---------------- ---------------
?????????? 166.9?????????? 166.8
SQL> select round(166.888,2),trunc(166.88,2)
? 2? from dual;
ROUND(166.888,2) TRUNC(166.88,2)
---------------- ---------------
????????? 166.89????????? 166.88
SQL> select round(166.448,2),trunc(166.448,2)
? 2? from dual;
ROUND(166.448,2) TRUNC(166.448,2)
---------------- ----------------
????????? 166.45?????????? 166.44
SQL> select round(166.444,2),trunc(166.444,2)
? 2? from dual;
ROUND(166.444,2) TRUNC(166.444,2)
---------------- ----------------
????????? 166.44?????????? 166.44
SQL> select round(166.888),trunc(166.888)
? 2? from dual;
ROUND(166.888) TRUNC(166.888)
-------------- --------------
?????????? 167??????????? 166
SQL> select round(166.888,-1),trunc(166.888,-1)
? 2? from dual;
ROUND(166.888,-1) TRUNC(166.888,-1)
----------------- -----------------
????????????? 170?????????????? 160
SQL> select mod(1900,400)
? 2? from dual;
MOD(1900,400)
-------------
????????? 300
SQL> select mod(200,400)
? 2? from dual;
MOD(200,400)
------------
???????? 200
SQL> alter session set NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE='AMERICAN';
Session altered
SQL> COMMIT;
Commit complete
SQL> select sysdate
? 2? from dual;
SYSDATE
-----------
2009-8-24 1
SQL> select sysdate - 10
? 2? from dual;
SYSDATE-10
-----------
2009-8-14 1
SQL> select sysdate + 10
? 2? from dual;
SYSDATE+10
-----------
2009-9-3 14
SQL> select TO_DATE('2009-10-1')-sysdate
? 2? from dual;
select TO_DATE('2009-10-1')-sysdate
from dual
ORA-01861: 文字與格式字符串不匹配
SQL> select TO_DATE('15-jul-2010')-sysdate
? 2? from dual;
TO_DATE('15-JUL-2010')-SYSDATE
------------------------------
????????????? 324.378356481481
SQL> select sysdate - 1/24
? 2? from dual;
SYSDATE-1/24
------------
2009-8-24 13
SQL> select sysdate - 24/24
? 2? from dual;
SYSDATE-24/24
-------------
2009-8-23 14:
SQL> select empno,ename,job,sal,(sysdate-hiredate)/365 "years"
? 2? from emp
? 3? where job like'SAL%';
EMPNO ENAME????? JOB???????????? SAL????? years
----- ---------- --------- --------- ----------
?7499 ALLEN????? SALESMAN??? 1600.00 28.5277370
?7521 WARD?????? SALESMAN??? 1250.00 28.5222576
?7654 MARTIN???? SALESMAN??? 1250.00 27.9249973
?7844 TURNER???? SALESMAN??? 1500.00 27.9797918
SQL> select months_between('01-jul-99','03-feb-98')
? 2? from dual;
MONTHS_BETWEEN('01-JUL-99','03
------------------------------
????????????? 16.9354838709677
SQL> select add_months('15-oct-01',8)
? 2? from dual;
ADD_MONTHS('15-OCT-01',8)
-------------------------
2002-6-15
SQL> select add_months('15-oct-01',2)
? 2? from dual;
ADD_MONTHS('15-OCT-01',2)
-------------------------
2001-12-15
SQL> select next_day(sysdate,'monday')
? 2? from dual;
NEXT_DAY(SYSDATE,'MONDAY')
--------------------------
2009-8-31 15:01:14
SQL> select last-day(sysdate)
? 2? from dual;
select last-day(sysdate)
from dual
ORA-00904: "DAY": 標識符無效
SQL> select last_day(sysdate)
? 2? from dual;
LAST_DAY(SYSDATE)
-----------------
2009-8-31 15:02:2
SQL> select ename,hiredate,last_day(hiredate),next_day(hiredate,'sunday'),months_between(sysdate,hiredate)"months",add_months(hiredate , 3)"review"
? 2? from emp;
ENAME????? HIREDATE??? LAST_DAY(HIREDATE) NEXT_DAY(HIREDATE,'SUNDAY')???? months review
---------- ----------- ------------------ --------------------------- ---------- -----------
SMITH????? 1980-12-17? 1980-12-31???????? 1980-12-21????????????????? 344.246053 1981-3-17
ALLEN????? 1981-2-20?? 1981-2-28????????? 1981-2-22?????????????????? 342.149279 1981-5-20
WARD?????? 1981-2-22?? 1981-2-28????????? 1981-3-1??????????????????? 342.084762 1981-5-22
JONES????? 1981-4-2??? 1981-4-30????????? 1981-4-5??????????????????? 340.729924 1981-7-2
MARTIN???? 1981-9-28?? 1981-9-30????????? 1981-10-4?????????????????? 334.891214 1981-12-28
BLAKE????? 1981-5-1??? 1981-5-31????????? 1981-5-3??????????????????? 339.762182 1981-8-1
CLARK????? 1981-6-9??? 1981-6-30????????? 1981-6-14?????????????????? 338.504117 1981-9-9
KING?????? 1981-11-17? 1981-11-30???????? 1981-11-22????????????????? 333.246053 1982-2-17
TURNER???? 1981-9-8??? 1981-9-30????????? 1981-9-13?????????????????? 335.536375 1981-12-8
JAMES????? 1981-12-3?? 1981-12-31???????? 1981-12-6?????????????????? 332.697666 1982-3-3
FORD?????? 1981-12-3?? 1981-12-31???????? 1981-12-6?????????????????? 332.697666 1982-3-3
MILLER???? 1982-1-23?? 1982-1-31????????? 1982-1-24?????????????????? 331.052504 1982-4-23
12 rows selected
SQL> select ename,hiredate,last_day(hiredate),next_day(hiredate,'星期日'),months_between(sysdate,hiredate)"months",add_months(hiredate , 3)"review"
? 2? from emp;
select ename,hiredate,last_day(hiredate),next_day(hiredate,'星期日'),months_between(sysdate,hiredate)"months",add_months(hiredate , 3)"review"
from emp
ORA-01846: 周中的日無效
SQL> select round('28-oct-01','month')
? 2? from dual;
select round('28-oct-01','month')
from dual
ORA-01722: 無效數字
SQL> select round(to_date('28-oct-01'),'month')
? 2? from dua;
select round(to_date('28-oct-01'),'month')
from dua
ORA-00942: 表或視圖不存在
SQL> select round(to_date('28-oct-01'),'month')
? 2? from dual;
ROUND(TO_DATE('28-OCT-01'),'MO
------------------------------
2001-11-1
SQL> select round(to_date('28-oct-01'),'year')
? 2? from dual;
ROUND(TO_DATE('28-OCT-01'),'YE
------------------------------
2002-1-1
SQL> select round(to_date('28-may-01'),'year')
? 2? from dual;
ROUND(TO_DATE('28-MAY-01'),'YE
------------------------------
2001-1-1
SQL> select round(to_date('28-june-01'),'year')
? 2? from dual;
ROUND(TO_DATE('28-JUNE-01'),'Y
------------------------------
2001-1-1
SQL> select round(to_date('28-step-01'),'year')
? 2? from dual;
select round(to_date('28-step-01'),'year')
from dual
ORA-01843: 無效的月份
SQL> select round(to_date('28-july-01'),'year')
? 2? from dual;
ROUND(TO_DATE('28-JULY-01'),'Y
------------------------------
2002-1-1
SQL> select trunc(to_date('28-step-01'),'year')
? 2? from dual;
select trunc(to_date('28-step-01'),'year')
from dual
ORA-01843: 無效的月份
SQL> select round(to_date('28-july-01'),'year')
? 2? select trunc(to_date('28-step-01'),'year')
? 3 ?
SQL> select trunc(to_date('28-july-01'),'year')
? 2? from dual;
TRUNC(TO_DATE('28-JULY-01'),'Y
------------------------------
2001-1-1
SQL> select trunc(to_date('28-feb-01'),'year')
? 2? from dual;
TRUNC(TO_DATE('28-FEB-01'),'YE
------------------------------
2001-1-1
SQL> select trunc(to_date('28-oct-01'),'year')
? 2? from dual;
TRUNC(TO_DATE('28-OCT-01'),'YE
------------------------------
2001-1-1
SQL> select ename,hiredate,round(hiredate,'year'),trunc(hiredate,'year'),round(hiredate,'month'),turnc(hiredate,'month')
? 2? from emp
? 3? where hiredate like"%81";
select ename,hiredate,round(hiredate,'year'),trunc(hiredate,'year'),round(hiredate,'month'),turnc(hiredate,'month')
from emp
where hiredate like"%81"
ORA-00904: "%81": 標識符無效
SQL> select ename,hiredate,round(hiredate,'year'),trunc(hiredate,'year'),round(hiredate,'month'),turnc(hiredate,'month')
? 2? from emp
? 3? where hiredate like'%81';
select ename,hiredate,round(hiredate,'year'),trunc(hiredate,'year'),round(hiredate,'month'),turnc(hiredate,'month')
from emp
where hiredate like'%81'
ORA-00904: "TURNC": 標識符無效
SQL> select ename,hiredate,round(hiredate,'year'),trunc(hiredate,'year'),round(hiredate,'month'),trunc(hiredate,'month')
? 2? from emp
? 3? where hiredate like'%81';
ENAME????? HIREDATE??? ROUND(HIREDATE,'YEAR') TRUNC(HIREDATE,'YEAR') ROUND(HIREDATE,'MONTH') TRUNC(HIREDATE,'MONTH')
---------- ----------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ----------------------- -----------------------
ALLEN????? 1981-2-20?? 1981-1-1?????????????? 1981-1-1?????????????? 1981-3-1??????????????? 1981-2-1
WARD?????? 1981-2-22?? 1981-1-1?????????????? 1981-1-1?????????????? 1981-3-1??????????????? 1981-2-1
JONES????? 1981-4-2??? 1981-1-1?????????????? 1981-1-1?????????????? 1981-4-1??????????????? 1981-4-1
MARTIN???? 1981-9-28?? 1982-1-1?????????????? 1981-1-1?????????????? 1981-10-1?????????????? 1981-9-1
BLAKE????? 1981-5-1??? 1981-1-1?????????????? 1981-1-1?????????????? 1981-5-1??????????????? 1981-5-1
CLARK????? 1981-6-9??? 1981-1-1?????????????? 1981-1-1?????????????? 1981-6-1??????????????? 1981-6-1
KING?????? 1981-11-17? 1982-1-1?????????????? 1981-1-1?????????????? 1981-12-1?????????????? 1981-11-1
TURNER???? 1981-9-8??? 1982-1-1?????????????? 1981-1-1?????????????? 1981-9-1??????????????? 1981-9-1
JAMES????? 1981-12-3?? 1982-1-1?????????????? 1981-1-1?????????????? 1981-12-1?????????????? 1981-12-1
FORD?????? 1981-12-3?? 1982-1-1?????????????? 1981-1-1?????????????? 1981-12-1?????????????? 1981-12-1
10 rows selected
SQL> select ename,to_char(hiredate,'dd/mm/yy')
? 2? from emp
? 3? where hiredate like'%82';
ENAME????? TO_CHAR(HIREDATE,'DD/MM/YY')
---------- ----------------------------
MILLER???? 23/01/82
SQL> select ename,to_char(hiredate,'mm/dd/yy')
? 2? form emp
? 3? where hiredate like '%82';
select ename,to_char(hiredate,'mm/dd/yy')
form emp
where hiredate like '%82'
ORA-00923: 未找到要求的 FROM 關鍵字
SQL> select ename,to_char(hiredate,'mm/dd/yy')
? 2? from emp
? 3? where hiredate like '%82';
ENAME????? TO_CHAR(HIREDATE,'MM/DD/YY')
---------- ----------------------------
MILLER???? 01/23/82
SQL>
SQL> select to_char(sysdate,'fmdd month year')
? 2? from dual;
TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'FMDDMONTHYEAR
-----------------------------------------------------------
24 august two thousand nine
SQL> select ename"name",sal"salary",
? 2? to_char(hiredate,'fmDdspth "of" Month year fmHH:MI:SS AM') hiredate
? 3? from emp;
name????????? salary HIREDATE
---------- --------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SMITH???????? 800.00 Seventeenth of December nineteen eighty 12:00:00 AM
ALLEN??????? 1600.00 Twentieth of February nineteen eighty-one 12:00:00 AM
WARD???????? 1250.00 Twenty-Second of February nineteen eighty-one 12:00:00 AM
JONES??????? 2975.00 Second of April nineteen eighty-one 12:00:00 AM
MARTIN?????? 1250.00 Twenty-Eighth of September nineteen eighty-one 12:00:00 AM
BLAKE??????? 2850.00 First of May nineteen eighty-one 12:00:00 AM
CLARK??????? 2450.00 Ninth of June nineteen eighty-one 12:00:00 AM
KING???????? 5000.00 Seventeenth of November nineteen eighty-one 12:00:00 AM
TURNER?????? 1500.00 Eighth of September nineteen eighty-one 12:00:00 AM
JAMES???????? 950.00 Third of December nineteen eighty-one 12:00:00 AM
FORD???????? 3000.00 Third of December nineteen eighty-one 12:00:00 AM
MILLER?????? 1300.00 Twenty-Third of January nineteen eighty-two 12:00:00 AM
12 rows selected
SQL> select ename "Name",to_char(sal*12,'$99,999.00') "Annual Salary"
? 2? from emp;
Name?????? Annual Salary
---------- -------------
SMITH??????? $9,600.00
ALLEN?????? $19,200.00
WARD??????? $15,000.00
JONES?????? $35,700.00
MARTIN????? $15,000.00
BLAKE?????? $34,200.00
CLARK?????? $29,400.00
KING??????? $60,000.00
TURNER????? $18,000.00
JAMES?????? $11,400.00
FORD??????? $36,000.00
MILLER????? $15,600.00
12 rows selected
SQL> select ename "Name",to_char(sal*12,'L99,999.00') "Annual Salary"
? 2? from emp;
Name?????? Annual Salary
---------- --------------------
SMITH??????????????? ￥9,600.00
ALLEN?????????????? ￥19,200.00
WARD??????????????? ￥15,000.00
JONES?????????????? ￥35,700.00
MARTIN????????????? ￥15,000.00
BLAKE?????????????? ￥34,200.00
CLARK?????????????? ￥29,400.00
KING??????????????? ￥60,000.00
TURNER????????????? ￥18,000.00
JAMES?????????????? ￥11,400.00
FORD??????????????? ￥36,000.00
MILLER????????????? ￥15,600.00
12 rows selected
SQL> select ename "Name",to_char(sal*12,'L9,999.00') "Annual Salary"
? 2? from emp;
Name?????? Annual Salary
---------- -------------------
SMITH?????????????? ￥9,600.00
ALLEN????? ###################
WARD?????? ###################
JONES????? ###################
MARTIN???? ###################
BLAKE????? ###################
CLARK????? ###################
KING?????? ###################
TURNER???? ###################
JAMES????? ###################
FORD?????? ###################
MILLER???? ###################
12 rows selected
SQL> select ename "Name",job,sal as "Salary",hiredate
? 2? from emp
? 3? where hiredate between '01-feb-81' and '31-dec-81'
? 4? order by hiredate;
Name?????? JOB????????? Salary HIREDATE
---------- --------- --------- -----------
ALLEN????? SALESMAN??? 1600.00 1981-2-20
WARD?????? SALESMAN??? 1250.00 1981-2-22
JONES????? MANAGER???? 2975.00 1981-4-2
BLAKE????? MANAGER???? 2850.00 1981-5-1
CLARK????? MANAGER???? 2450.00 1981-6-9
TURNER???? SALESMAN??? 1500.00 1981-9-8
MARTIN???? SALESMAN??? 1250.00 1981-9-28
KING?????? PRESIDENT?? 5000.00 1981-11-17
FORD?????? ANALYST???? 3000.00 1981-12-3
JAMES????? CLERK??????? 950.00 1981-12-3
10 rows selected
SQL> select ename "Name",job,sal as "Salary",hiredate
? 2? from emp
? 3? where hiredate between '01-feb-81' and '31-dec-81'
? 4? order by hiredate desc;
Name?????? JOB????????? Salary HIREDATE
---------- --------- --------- -----------
JAMES????? CLERK??????? 950.00 1981-12-3
FORD?????? ANALYST???? 3000.00 1981-12-3
KING?????? PRESIDENT?? 5000.00 1981-11-17
MARTIN???? SALESMAN??? 1250.00 1981-9-28
TURNER???? SALESMAN??? 1500.00 1981-9-8
CLARK????? MANAGER???? 2450.00 1981-6-9
BLAKE????? MANAGER???? 2850.00 1981-5-1
JONES????? MANAGER???? 2975.00 1981-4-2
WARD?????? SALESMAN??? 1250.00 1981-2-22
ALLEN????? SALESMAN??? 1600.00 1981-2-20
10 rows selected
SQL> select ename "Name",job,sal as "Salary",hiredate
? 2? from emp
? 3? where hiredate between '01-feb-81' and '31-dec-81'
? 4? order by hiredate desc;
Name?????? JOB????????? Salary HIREDATE
---------- --------- --------- -----------
JAMES????? CLERK??????? 950.00 1981-12-3
FORD?????? ANALYST???? 3000.00 1981-12-3
KING?????? PRESIDENT?? 5000.00 1981-11-17
MARTIN???? SALESMAN??? 1250.00 1981-9-28
TURNER???? SALESMAN??? 1500.00 1981-9-8
CLARK????? MANAGER???? 2450.00 1981-6-9
BLAKE????? MANAGER???? 2850.00 1981-5-1
JONES????? MANAGER???? 2975.00 1981-4-2
WARD?????? SALESMAN??? 1250.00 1981-2-22
ALLEN????? SALESMAN??? 1600.00 1981-2-20
10 rows selected
SQL> select ename "Name",job,sal as "Salary",hiredate
? 2? from emp
? 3? where hiredate between '01-1月-81' and '31-12月-81'
? 4? order by hiredate desc;
select ename "Name",job,sal as "Salary",hiredate
from emp
where hiredate between '01-1月-81' and '31-12月-81'
order by hiredate desc
ORA-01843: 無效的月份
SQL> select ename "Name",job,sal as "Salary",hiredate
? 2? from em
? 3? where hiredate between to_date('01-jan-81',dd-mm-yy) and to_date('31-dec-81','dd-mm-yy')
? 4? order by hiredate;
select ename "Name",job,sal as "Salary",hiredate
from em
where hiredate between to_date('01-jan-81',dd-mm-yy) and to_date('31-dec-81','dd-mm-yy')
order by hiredate
ORA-00942: 表或視圖不存在
SQL> select ename "Name",job,sal as "Salary",hiredate
? 2? from emp
? 3? where hiredate between to_date('01-jan-81',dd-mm-yy) and to_date('31-dec-81','dd-mm-yy')
? 4? order by hiredate;
select ename "Name",job,sal as "Salary",hiredate
from emp
where hiredate between to_date('01-jan-81',dd-mm-yy) and to_date('31-dec-81','dd-mm-yy')
order by hiredate
ORA-00904: "YY": 標識符無效
SQL> select ename "Name",job,sal as "Salary",hiredate
? 2? from emp
? 3? where hiredate between to_date('01-jan-81',dd-mm-yy') and to_date('31-dec-81','dd-mm-yy')
? 4? order by hiredate;
? 5 ?
? 6? where hiredate between to_date('01-jan-81',dd-mm-yy') and to_date('31-dec-81','dd-mm-yy')
? 7 ?
SQL>
SQL> select ename "Name",job,sal as "Salary",hiredate
? 2? from emp
? 3? where hiredate between to_date('01-jan-81',dd-mm-yy') and to_date('31-dec-81','dd-mm-yy')
? 4? order by hiredatel
? 5? ;
? 6? ;
? 7 ?
? 8 ?
? 9 ?
?10 ?
?11 ?
?12 ?
?13 ?
?14? fda
?15 ?
?16? fda
?17 ?
?18 ?
?19 ?
?20 ?
?21? fa
?22? ;
?23? ;;
?24 ?
?25 ?
?26 ?
?27? select ename "Name",job,sal as "Salary",hiredate
?28? from emp
?29? where hiredate between to_date('01-jan-81',dd-mm-yy') and to_date('31-dec-81','dd-mm-yy')
?30? order by hiredate;
select ename "Name",job,sal as "Salary",hiredate
from emp
where hiredate between to_date('01-jan-81',dd-mm-yy') and to_date('31-dec-81','dd-mm-yy')
order by hiredatel
;
;
fda
fda
fa
;
;;
select ename "Name",job,sal as "Salary",hiredate
from emp
where hiredate between to_date('01-jan-81',dd-mm-yy') and to_date('31-dec-81','dd-mm-yy')
order by hiredate
ORA-00907: 缺失右括號
SQL> select ename "Name",job,sal as "Salary",hiredate
? 2? from emp
? 3? where hiredate between to_date('01-jan-81','dd-mm-yy') and to_date('31-dec-81','dd-mm-yy')
? 4? order by hiredate;
Name?????? JOB????????? Salary HIREDATE
---------- --------- --------- -----------
SQL> select todate('01-jan-81','dd-mm-yy')
? 2? from dual;
select todate('01-jan-81','dd-mm-yy')
from dual
ORA-00904: "TODATE": 標識符無效
SQL> select to_date('01-jan-81','dd-mm-yy')
? 2? from dual;
TO_DATE('01-JAN-81','DD-MM-YY'
------------------------------
2081-1-1
SQL> select ename "Name",job,sal as "Salary",hiredate
? 2? from dual;
select ename "Name",job,sal as "Salary",hiredate
from dual
ORA-00904: "HIREDATE": 標識符無效
SQL> select ename "Name",job,sal as "Salary",hiredate
? 2? from emp
? 3? where hiredate between to_date('01-jan-81','dd-mon-yy') and to_date('31-dec-81','dd-mon-yy')
? 4? order by hiredate;
Name?????? JOB????????? Salary HIREDATE
---------- --------- --------- -----------
SQL> select hiredate from emp;
HIREDATE
-----------
1980-12-17
1981-2-20
1981-2-22
1981-4-2
1981-9-28
1981-5-1
1981-6-9
1981-11-17
1981-9-8
1981-12-3
1981-12-3
1982-1-23
12 rows selected
SQL> select ename "Name",job,sal as "Salary",hiredate
? 2? from emp
? 3? where hiredate between to_date('01-jan-81') and to_date('31-dec-81')
? 4? order by hiredate;
Name?????? JOB????????? Salary HIREDATE
---------- --------- --------- -----------
ALLEN????? SALESMAN??? 1600.00 1981-2-20
WARD?????? SALESMAN??? 1250.00 1981-2-22
JONES????? MANAGER???? 2975.00 1981-4-2
BLAKE????? MANAGER???? 2850.00 1981-5-1
CLARK????? MANAGER???? 2450.00 1981-6-9
TURNER???? SALESMAN??? 1500.00 1981-9-8
MARTIN???? SALESMAN??? 1250.00 1981-9-28
KING?????? PRESIDENT?? 5000.00 1981-11-17
FORD?????? ANALYST???? 3000.00 1981-12-3
JAMES????? CLERK??????? 950.00 1981-12-3
10 rows selected
SQL> select ename "Name",job,sal as "Salary",hiredate
? 2? from emp
? 3? where hiredate between to_date('01-jan-81','dd-mon-rr') and to_date('31-dec-81','dd-mon-rr')
? 4? order by hiredate;
Name?????? JOB????????? Salary HIREDATE
---------- --------- --------- -----------
ALLEN????? SALESMAN??? 1600.00 1981-2-20
WARD?????? SALESMAN??? 1250.00 1981-2-22
JONES????? MANAGER???? 2975.00 1981-4-2
BLAKE????? MANAGER???? 2850.00 1981-5-1
CLARK????? MANAGER???? 2450.00 1981-6-9
TURNER???? SALESMAN??? 1500.00 1981-9-8
MARTIN???? SALESMAN??? 1250.00 1981-9-28
KING?????? PRESIDENT?? 5000.00 1981-11-17
FORD?????? ANALYST???? 3000.00 1981-12-3
JAMES????? CLERK??????? 950.00 1981-12-3
10 rows selected
SQL>
from dual;
//dual 是一個虛表(偽表)。
UPPER(列名|表達式)
SELECT UPPER('sql is used exclusively in rdbmses')
from dual;
SELECT INITCAP('sql is an ENGLISH LIKE language')
from dual;
Output: Sql Is An English Like Language
select concat('SQL allows you to manipulate the data in DB',
????????????? ' without any programming knowledge')
from dual;
select substr('',14)
from dual;
4-4
//TODO
Connected to Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0
Connected as SYS
SQL> select Lower('SQL:Structural Quary Languae')
? 2? from dual;
LOWER('SQL:STRUCTURALQUARYLANG
------------------------------
sql:structural quary languae
SQL>
SQL> select uper('sql is used exclusively inrdbmses')
? 2? from dual;
select uper('sql is used exclusively inrdbmses')
from dual
ORA-00904: "UPER": 標識符無效
SQL>
SQL> select upper('sql is used exclusively inrdbmses')
? 2? from dual;
UPPER('SQLISUSEDEXCLUSIVELYINR
---------------------------------
SQL IS USED EXCLUSIVELY INRDBMSES
SQL>
SQL> select initcap('sql is used exclusively inrdbmses')
? 2? from dual;
INITCAP('SQLISUSEDEXCLUSIVELYI
---------------------------------
Sql Is Used Exclusively Inrdbmses
SQL> select concat('i love','baobao')
? 2? from dual;
CONCAT('ILOVE','BAOBAO')
------------------------
i lovebaobao
SQL> select substr('i need a job',2,5)
? 2? from dual;
SUBSTR('INEEDAJOB',2,5)
-----------------------
?need
SQL> select length('i need a job')
? 2? from dual;
LENGTH('INEEDAJOB')
-------------------
???????????????? 12
SQL> select instr('i need a job','e')
? 2? from dual;
INSTR('INEEDAJOB','E')
----------------------
???????????????????? 4
SQL> select instr('i need a job','a')
? 2? from dual;
INSTR('INEEDAJOB','A')
----------------------
???????????????????? 8
SQL> select instr('i need a job','z')
? 2? from dual
? 3? ;
INSTR('INEEDAJOB','Z')
----------------------
???????????????????? 0
SQL> select instr('i need a job','a')
? 2? from dual
? 3? ;
INSTR('INEEDAJOB','A')
----------------------
???????????????????? 8
SQL> select instr('i need a job','a',7)
? 2? from dual;
INSTR('INEEDAJOB','A',7)
------------------------
?????????????????????? 8
SQL> select instr('i need a job','a',11)
? 2? from dual;
INSTR('INEEDAJOB','A',11)
-------------------------
??????????????????????? 0
SQL> trim('?'FROM'?SQL*PLUSISTHESQLIMPLEMENTATIONUSEDINANORACLERDBMSORORDBMS.');
trim('?'FROM'?SQL*PLUSISTHESQLIMPLEMENTATIONUSEDINANORACLERDBMSORORDBMS.')
ORA-00900: 無效 SQL 語句
SQL> select trim('?'FROM'?SQL*PLUSISTHESQLIMPLEMENTATIONUSEDINANORACLERDBMSORORDBMS.')
? 2? from dual;
TRIM('?'FROM'?SQL*PLUSISTHESQL
----------------------------------------------------------
SQL*PLUSISTHESQLIMPLEMENTATIONUSEDINANORACLERDBMSORORDBMS.
SQL> select trim('?' from 'It can process data insetsof rows??')
? 2? from dual
? 3? ;
TRIM('?'FROM'ITCANPROCESSDATAI
---------------------------------
It can process data insetsof rows
SQL> select trim('s' from 'It can process data insetsof rows??')
? 2? from dual;
TRIM('S'FROM'ITCANPROCESSDATAI
-----------------------------------
It can process data insetsof rows??
SQL> select trim('s' from 'It can process data insetsof rows??')
? 2? from dual;
TRIM('S'FROM'ITCANPROCESSDATAI
-----------------------------------
It can process data insetsof rows??
SQL> select trim(trailing's' from 'It can process data insetsof rows??')
? 2? from dual;
TRIM(TRAILING'S'FROM'ITCANPROC
-----------------------------------
It can process data insetsof rows??
SQL>
SQL> select trim(trailing's' from 'sIt can process data insetsof rows??')
? 2? from dual;
TRIM(TRAILING'S'FROM'SITCANPRO
------------------------------------
sIt can process data insetsof rows??
SQL> select replace('sql*plus supports loops or if statements','suppoerts','doesn't support')
? 2? from dual;
? 3? ;
? 4? select replace('sql*plus supports loops or if statements','suppoerts','doesn't support')
? 5? from dual;
select replace('sql*plus supports loops or if statements','suppoerts','doesn't support')
from dual;
;
select replace('sql*plus supports loops or if statements','suppoerts','doesn't support')
from dual
ORA-00907: 缺失右括號
SQL>
SQL> select replace('sql*plus supports loops or if statements','suppoerts','doesn't support')
? 2? from dual;
? 3? select replace('sql*plus supports loops or if statements','suppoerts','doesn't support')
? 4? from dual;
select replace('sql*plus supports loops or if statements','suppoerts','doesn't support')
from dual;
select replace('sql*plus supports loops or if statements','suppoerts','doesn't support')
from dual
ORA-00907: 缺失右括號
SQL> select replace('sql*plus supports loops or if statements','suppoerts','does not support')
? 2? from dual;
REPLACE('SQL*PLUSSUPPORTSLOOPS
----------------------------------------
sql*plus supports loops or if statements
SQL> select replace('sql*plus supports loops or if statements','suppoerts','does not support')
? 2? from dual;
REPLACE('SQL*PLUSSUPPORTSLOOPS
----------------------------------------
sql*plus supports loops or if statements
SQL>
SQL> select replace('sql*plus supports loops or if statements','supports','does not support')
? 2? from dual
? 3? ;
REPLACE('SQL*PLUSSUPPORTSLOOPS
------------------------------------------------
sql*plus does not support loops or if statements
SQL> select * from emp;
EMPNO ENAME????? JOB???????? MGR HIREDATE????????? SAL????? COMM DEPTNO
----- ---------- --------- ----- ----------- --------- --------- ------
?7369 SMITH????? CLERK????? 7902 1980-12-17???? 800.00?????????????? 20
?7499 ALLEN????? SALESMAN?? 7698 1981-2-20???? 1600.00??? 300.00???? 30
?7521 WARD?????? SALESMAN?? 7698 1981-2-22???? 1250.00??? 500.00???? 30
?7566 JONES????? MANAGER??? 7839 1981-4-2????? 2975.00?????????????? 20
?7654 MARTIN???? SALESMAN?? 7698 1981-9-28???? 1250.00?? 1400.00???? 30
?7698 BLAKE????? MANAGER??? 7839 1981-5-1????? 2850.00?????????????? 30
?7782 CLARK????? MANAGER??? 7839 1981-6-9????? 2450.00?????????????? 10
?7839 KING?????? PRESIDENT?????? 1981-11-17??? 5000.00?????????????? 10
?7844 TURNER???? SALESMAN?? 7698 1981-9-8????? 1500.00????? 0.00???? 30
?7900 JAMES????? CLERK????? 7698 1981-12-3????? 950.00?????????????? 30
?7902 FORD?????? ANALYST??? 7566 1981-12-3???? 3000.00?????????????? 20
?7934 MILLER???? CLERK????? 7782 1982-1-23???? 1300.00?????????????? 10
12 rows selected
SQL> select empno,ename,job
? 2? from emp
? 3? where job='salesman';
EMPNO ENAME????? JOB
----- ---------- ---------
SQL> select empno,ename,job
? 2? where job='salesman';
select empno,ename,job
where job='salesman'
ORA-00923: 未找到要求的 FROM 關鍵字
SQL> select empno,ename,job
? 2? from emp
? 3? where job='SALESMAN';
EMPNO ENAME????? JOB
----- ---------- ---------
?7499 ALLEN????? SALESMAN
?7521 WARD?????? SALESMAN
?7654 MARTIN???? SALESMAN
?7844 TURNER???? SALESMAN
SQL> select concat(ename,job)"Employee",substr(job,1,5)"Title",length(ename)"Length",instr(job,'M')
? 2? from emp
? 3? where lower(job)="SALESMAN";
select concat(ename,job)"Employee",substr(job,1,5)"Title",length(ename)"Length",instr(job,'M')
from emp
where lower(job)="SALESMAN"
ORA-00904: "SALESMAN": 標識符無效
SQL> select concat(ename,job)"Employee",substr(job,1,5)"Title",length(ename)"Length",instr(job,'M')
? 2? from emp
? 3? where lower(job)="salesman";
select concat(ename,job)"Employee",substr(job,1,5)"Title",length(ename)"Length",instr(job,'M')
from emp
where lower(job)="salesman"
ORA-00904: "salesman": 標識符無效
SQL> select concat(ename,job)"Employee",substr(job,1,5)"Title",length(ename)"Length",instr(job,'M')
? 2? from emp
? 3? where lower(job)='salesman';
Employee??????????? Title????????? Length INSTR(JOB,'M')
------------------- ---------- ---------- --------------
ALLENSALESMAN?????? SALES?????????????? 5????????????? 6
WARDSALESMAN??????? SALES?????????????? 4????????????? 6
MARTINSALESMAN????? SALES?????????????? 6????????????? 6
TURNERSALESMAN????? SALES?????????????? 6????????????? 6
SQL> select round(166.888,1),trunc(166.88,1)
? 2? from dual;
ROUND(166.888,1) TRUNC(166.88,1)
---------------- ---------------
?????????? 166.9?????????? 166.8
SQL> select round(166.888,2),trunc(166.88,2)
? 2? from dual;
ROUND(166.888,2) TRUNC(166.88,2)
---------------- ---------------
????????? 166.89????????? 166.88
SQL> select round(166.448,2),trunc(166.448,2)
? 2? from dual;
ROUND(166.448,2) TRUNC(166.448,2)
---------------- ----------------
????????? 166.45?????????? 166.44
SQL> select round(166.444,2),trunc(166.444,2)
? 2? from dual;
ROUND(166.444,2) TRUNC(166.444,2)
---------------- ----------------
????????? 166.44?????????? 166.44
SQL> select round(166.888),trunc(166.888)
? 2? from dual;
ROUND(166.888) TRUNC(166.888)
-------------- --------------
?????????? 167??????????? 166
SQL> select round(166.888,-1),trunc(166.888,-1)
? 2? from dual;
ROUND(166.888,-1) TRUNC(166.888,-1)
----------------- -----------------
????????????? 170?????????????? 160
SQL> select mod(1900,400)
? 2? from dual;
MOD(1900,400)
-------------
????????? 300
SQL> select mod(200,400)
? 2? from dual;
MOD(200,400)
------------
???????? 200
SQL> alter session set NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE='AMERICAN';
Session altered
SQL> COMMIT;
Commit complete
SQL> select sysdate
? 2? from dual;
SYSDATE
-----------
2009-8-24 1
SQL> select sysdate - 10
? 2? from dual;
SYSDATE-10
-----------
2009-8-14 1
SQL> select sysdate + 10
? 2? from dual;
SYSDATE+10
-----------
2009-9-3 14
SQL> select TO_DATE('2009-10-1')-sysdate
? 2? from dual;
select TO_DATE('2009-10-1')-sysdate
from dual
ORA-01861: 文字與格式字符串不匹配
SQL> select TO_DATE('15-jul-2010')-sysdate
? 2? from dual;
TO_DATE('15-JUL-2010')-SYSDATE
------------------------------
????????????? 324.378356481481
SQL> select sysdate - 1/24
? 2? from dual;
SYSDATE-1/24
------------
2009-8-24 13
SQL> select sysdate - 24/24
? 2? from dual;
SYSDATE-24/24
-------------
2009-8-23 14:
SQL> select empno,ename,job,sal,(sysdate-hiredate)/365 "years"
? 2? from emp
? 3? where job like'SAL%';
EMPNO ENAME????? JOB???????????? SAL????? years
----- ---------- --------- --------- ----------
?7499 ALLEN????? SALESMAN??? 1600.00 28.5277370
?7521 WARD?????? SALESMAN??? 1250.00 28.5222576
?7654 MARTIN???? SALESMAN??? 1250.00 27.9249973
?7844 TURNER???? SALESMAN??? 1500.00 27.9797918
SQL> select months_between('01-jul-99','03-feb-98')
? 2? from dual;
MONTHS_BETWEEN('01-JUL-99','03
------------------------------
????????????? 16.9354838709677
SQL> select add_months('15-oct-01',8)
? 2? from dual;
ADD_MONTHS('15-OCT-01',8)
-------------------------
2002-6-15
SQL> select add_months('15-oct-01',2)
? 2? from dual;
ADD_MONTHS('15-OCT-01',2)
-------------------------
2001-12-15
SQL> select next_day(sysdate,'monday')
? 2? from dual;
NEXT_DAY(SYSDATE,'MONDAY')
--------------------------
2009-8-31 15:01:14
SQL> select last-day(sysdate)
? 2? from dual;
select last-day(sysdate)
from dual
ORA-00904: "DAY": 標識符無效
SQL> select last_day(sysdate)
? 2? from dual;
LAST_DAY(SYSDATE)
-----------------
2009-8-31 15:02:2
SQL> select ename,hiredate,last_day(hiredate),next_day(hiredate,'sunday'),months_between(sysdate,hiredate)"months",add_months(hiredate , 3)"review"
? 2? from emp;
ENAME????? HIREDATE??? LAST_DAY(HIREDATE) NEXT_DAY(HIREDATE,'SUNDAY')???? months review
---------- ----------- ------------------ --------------------------- ---------- -----------
SMITH????? 1980-12-17? 1980-12-31???????? 1980-12-21????????????????? 344.246053 1981-3-17
ALLEN????? 1981-2-20?? 1981-2-28????????? 1981-2-22?????????????????? 342.149279 1981-5-20
WARD?????? 1981-2-22?? 1981-2-28????????? 1981-3-1??????????????????? 342.084762 1981-5-22
JONES????? 1981-4-2??? 1981-4-30????????? 1981-4-5??????????????????? 340.729924 1981-7-2
MARTIN???? 1981-9-28?? 1981-9-30????????? 1981-10-4?????????????????? 334.891214 1981-12-28
BLAKE????? 1981-5-1??? 1981-5-31????????? 1981-5-3??????????????????? 339.762182 1981-8-1
CLARK????? 1981-6-9??? 1981-6-30????????? 1981-6-14?????????????????? 338.504117 1981-9-9
KING?????? 1981-11-17? 1981-11-30???????? 1981-11-22????????????????? 333.246053 1982-2-17
TURNER???? 1981-9-8??? 1981-9-30????????? 1981-9-13?????????????????? 335.536375 1981-12-8
JAMES????? 1981-12-3?? 1981-12-31???????? 1981-12-6?????????????????? 332.697666 1982-3-3
FORD?????? 1981-12-3?? 1981-12-31???????? 1981-12-6?????????????????? 332.697666 1982-3-3
MILLER???? 1982-1-23?? 1982-1-31????????? 1982-1-24?????????????????? 331.052504 1982-4-23
12 rows selected
SQL> select ename,hiredate,last_day(hiredate),next_day(hiredate,'星期日'),months_between(sysdate,hiredate)"months",add_months(hiredate , 3)"review"
? 2? from emp;
select ename,hiredate,last_day(hiredate),next_day(hiredate,'星期日'),months_between(sysdate,hiredate)"months",add_months(hiredate , 3)"review"
from emp
ORA-01846: 周中的日無效
SQL> select round('28-oct-01','month')
? 2? from dual;
select round('28-oct-01','month')
from dual
ORA-01722: 無效數字
SQL> select round(to_date('28-oct-01'),'month')
? 2? from dua;
select round(to_date('28-oct-01'),'month')
from dua
ORA-00942: 表或視圖不存在
SQL> select round(to_date('28-oct-01'),'month')
? 2? from dual;
ROUND(TO_DATE('28-OCT-01'),'MO
------------------------------
2001-11-1
SQL> select round(to_date('28-oct-01'),'year')
? 2? from dual;
ROUND(TO_DATE('28-OCT-01'),'YE
------------------------------
2002-1-1
SQL> select round(to_date('28-may-01'),'year')
? 2? from dual;
ROUND(TO_DATE('28-MAY-01'),'YE
------------------------------
2001-1-1
SQL> select round(to_date('28-june-01'),'year')
? 2? from dual;
ROUND(TO_DATE('28-JUNE-01'),'Y
------------------------------
2001-1-1
SQL> select round(to_date('28-step-01'),'year')
? 2? from dual;
select round(to_date('28-step-01'),'year')
from dual
ORA-01843: 無效的月份
SQL> select round(to_date('28-july-01'),'year')
? 2? from dual;
ROUND(TO_DATE('28-JULY-01'),'Y
------------------------------
2002-1-1
SQL> select trunc(to_date('28-step-01'),'year')
? 2? from dual;
select trunc(to_date('28-step-01'),'year')
from dual
ORA-01843: 無效的月份
SQL> select round(to_date('28-july-01'),'year')
? 2? select trunc(to_date('28-step-01'),'year')
? 3 ?
SQL> select trunc(to_date('28-july-01'),'year')
? 2? from dual;
TRUNC(TO_DATE('28-JULY-01'),'Y
------------------------------
2001-1-1
SQL> select trunc(to_date('28-feb-01'),'year')
? 2? from dual;
TRUNC(TO_DATE('28-FEB-01'),'YE
------------------------------
2001-1-1
SQL> select trunc(to_date('28-oct-01'),'year')
? 2? from dual;
TRUNC(TO_DATE('28-OCT-01'),'YE
------------------------------
2001-1-1
SQL> select ename,hiredate,round(hiredate,'year'),trunc(hiredate,'year'),round(hiredate,'month'),turnc(hiredate,'month')
? 2? from emp
? 3? where hiredate like"%81";
select ename,hiredate,round(hiredate,'year'),trunc(hiredate,'year'),round(hiredate,'month'),turnc(hiredate,'month')
from emp
where hiredate like"%81"
ORA-00904: "%81": 標識符無效
SQL> select ename,hiredate,round(hiredate,'year'),trunc(hiredate,'year'),round(hiredate,'month'),turnc(hiredate,'month')
? 2? from emp
? 3? where hiredate like'%81';
select ename,hiredate,round(hiredate,'year'),trunc(hiredate,'year'),round(hiredate,'month'),turnc(hiredate,'month')
from emp
where hiredate like'%81'
ORA-00904: "TURNC": 標識符無效
SQL> select ename,hiredate,round(hiredate,'year'),trunc(hiredate,'year'),round(hiredate,'month'),trunc(hiredate,'month')
? 2? from emp
? 3? where hiredate like'%81';
ENAME????? HIREDATE??? ROUND(HIREDATE,'YEAR') TRUNC(HIREDATE,'YEAR') ROUND(HIREDATE,'MONTH') TRUNC(HIREDATE,'MONTH')
---------- ----------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ----------------------- -----------------------
ALLEN????? 1981-2-20?? 1981-1-1?????????????? 1981-1-1?????????????? 1981-3-1??????????????? 1981-2-1
WARD?????? 1981-2-22?? 1981-1-1?????????????? 1981-1-1?????????????? 1981-3-1??????????????? 1981-2-1
JONES????? 1981-4-2??? 1981-1-1?????????????? 1981-1-1?????????????? 1981-4-1??????????????? 1981-4-1
MARTIN???? 1981-9-28?? 1982-1-1?????????????? 1981-1-1?????????????? 1981-10-1?????????????? 1981-9-1
BLAKE????? 1981-5-1??? 1981-1-1?????????????? 1981-1-1?????????????? 1981-5-1??????????????? 1981-5-1
CLARK????? 1981-6-9??? 1981-1-1?????????????? 1981-1-1?????????????? 1981-6-1??????????????? 1981-6-1
KING?????? 1981-11-17? 1982-1-1?????????????? 1981-1-1?????????????? 1981-12-1?????????????? 1981-11-1
TURNER???? 1981-9-8??? 1982-1-1?????????????? 1981-1-1?????????????? 1981-9-1??????????????? 1981-9-1
JAMES????? 1981-12-3?? 1982-1-1?????????????? 1981-1-1?????????????? 1981-12-1?????????????? 1981-12-1
FORD?????? 1981-12-3?? 1982-1-1?????????????? 1981-1-1?????????????? 1981-12-1?????????????? 1981-12-1
10 rows selected
SQL> select ename,to_char(hiredate,'dd/mm/yy')
? 2? from emp
? 3? where hiredate like'%82';
ENAME????? TO_CHAR(HIREDATE,'DD/MM/YY')
---------- ----------------------------
MILLER???? 23/01/82
SQL> select ename,to_char(hiredate,'mm/dd/yy')
? 2? form emp
? 3? where hiredate like '%82';
select ename,to_char(hiredate,'mm/dd/yy')
form emp
where hiredate like '%82'
ORA-00923: 未找到要求的 FROM 關鍵字
SQL> select ename,to_char(hiredate,'mm/dd/yy')
? 2? from emp
? 3? where hiredate like '%82';
ENAME????? TO_CHAR(HIREDATE,'MM/DD/YY')
---------- ----------------------------
MILLER???? 01/23/82
SQL>
SQL> select to_char(sysdate,'fmdd month year')
? 2? from dual;
TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'FMDDMONTHYEAR
-----------------------------------------------------------
24 august two thousand nine
SQL> select ename"name",sal"salary",
? 2? to_char(hiredate,'fmDdspth "of" Month year fmHH:MI:SS AM') hiredate
? 3? from emp;
name????????? salary HIREDATE
---------- --------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SMITH???????? 800.00 Seventeenth of December nineteen eighty 12:00:00 AM
ALLEN??????? 1600.00 Twentieth of February nineteen eighty-one 12:00:00 AM
WARD???????? 1250.00 Twenty-Second of February nineteen eighty-one 12:00:00 AM
JONES??????? 2975.00 Second of April nineteen eighty-one 12:00:00 AM
MARTIN?????? 1250.00 Twenty-Eighth of September nineteen eighty-one 12:00:00 AM
BLAKE??????? 2850.00 First of May nineteen eighty-one 12:00:00 AM
CLARK??????? 2450.00 Ninth of June nineteen eighty-one 12:00:00 AM
KING???????? 5000.00 Seventeenth of November nineteen eighty-one 12:00:00 AM
TURNER?????? 1500.00 Eighth of September nineteen eighty-one 12:00:00 AM
JAMES???????? 950.00 Third of December nineteen eighty-one 12:00:00 AM
FORD???????? 3000.00 Third of December nineteen eighty-one 12:00:00 AM
MILLER?????? 1300.00 Twenty-Third of January nineteen eighty-two 12:00:00 AM
12 rows selected
SQL> select ename "Name",to_char(sal*12,'$99,999.00') "Annual Salary"
? 2? from emp;
Name?????? Annual Salary
---------- -------------
SMITH??????? $9,600.00
ALLEN?????? $19,200.00
WARD??????? $15,000.00
JONES?????? $35,700.00
MARTIN????? $15,000.00
BLAKE?????? $34,200.00
CLARK?????? $29,400.00
KING??????? $60,000.00
TURNER????? $18,000.00
JAMES?????? $11,400.00
FORD??????? $36,000.00
MILLER????? $15,600.00
12 rows selected
SQL> select ename "Name",to_char(sal*12,'L99,999.00') "Annual Salary"
? 2? from emp;
Name?????? Annual Salary
---------- --------------------
SMITH??????????????? ￥9,600.00
ALLEN?????????????? ￥19,200.00
WARD??????????????? ￥15,000.00
JONES?????????????? ￥35,700.00
MARTIN????????????? ￥15,000.00
BLAKE?????????????? ￥34,200.00
CLARK?????????????? ￥29,400.00
KING??????????????? ￥60,000.00
TURNER????????????? ￥18,000.00
JAMES?????????????? ￥11,400.00
FORD??????????????? ￥36,000.00
MILLER????????????? ￥15,600.00
12 rows selected
SQL> select ename "Name",to_char(sal*12,'L9,999.00') "Annual Salary"
? 2? from emp;
Name?????? Annual Salary
---------- -------------------
SMITH?????????????? ￥9,600.00
ALLEN????? ###################
WARD?????? ###################
JONES????? ###################
MARTIN???? ###################
BLAKE????? ###################
CLARK????? ###################
KING?????? ###################
TURNER???? ###################
JAMES????? ###################
FORD?????? ###################
MILLER???? ###################
12 rows selected
SQL> select ename "Name",job,sal as "Salary",hiredate
? 2? from emp
? 3? where hiredate between '01-feb-81' and '31-dec-81'
? 4? order by hiredate;
Name?????? JOB????????? Salary HIREDATE
---------- --------- --------- -----------
ALLEN????? SALESMAN??? 1600.00 1981-2-20
WARD?????? SALESMAN??? 1250.00 1981-2-22
JONES????? MANAGER???? 2975.00 1981-4-2
BLAKE????? MANAGER???? 2850.00 1981-5-1
CLARK????? MANAGER???? 2450.00 1981-6-9
TURNER???? SALESMAN??? 1500.00 1981-9-8
MARTIN???? SALESMAN??? 1250.00 1981-9-28
KING?????? PRESIDENT?? 5000.00 1981-11-17
FORD?????? ANALYST???? 3000.00 1981-12-3
JAMES????? CLERK??????? 950.00 1981-12-3
10 rows selected
SQL> select ename "Name",job,sal as "Salary",hiredate
? 2? from emp
? 3? where hiredate between '01-feb-81' and '31-dec-81'
? 4? order by hiredate desc;
Name?????? JOB????????? Salary HIREDATE
---------- --------- --------- -----------
JAMES????? CLERK??????? 950.00 1981-12-3
FORD?????? ANALYST???? 3000.00 1981-12-3
KING?????? PRESIDENT?? 5000.00 1981-11-17
MARTIN???? SALESMAN??? 1250.00 1981-9-28
TURNER???? SALESMAN??? 1500.00 1981-9-8
CLARK????? MANAGER???? 2450.00 1981-6-9
BLAKE????? MANAGER???? 2850.00 1981-5-1
JONES????? MANAGER???? 2975.00 1981-4-2
WARD?????? SALESMAN??? 1250.00 1981-2-22
ALLEN????? SALESMAN??? 1600.00 1981-2-20
10 rows selected
SQL> select ename "Name",job,sal as "Salary",hiredate
? 2? from emp
? 3? where hiredate between '01-feb-81' and '31-dec-81'
? 4? order by hiredate desc;
Name?????? JOB????????? Salary HIREDATE
---------- --------- --------- -----------
JAMES????? CLERK??????? 950.00 1981-12-3
FORD?????? ANALYST???? 3000.00 1981-12-3
KING?????? PRESIDENT?? 5000.00 1981-11-17
MARTIN???? SALESMAN??? 1250.00 1981-9-28
TURNER???? SALESMAN??? 1500.00 1981-9-8
CLARK????? MANAGER???? 2450.00 1981-6-9
BLAKE????? MANAGER???? 2850.00 1981-5-1
JONES????? MANAGER???? 2975.00 1981-4-2
WARD?????? SALESMAN??? 1250.00 1981-2-22
ALLEN????? SALESMAN??? 1600.00 1981-2-20
10 rows selected
SQL> select ename "Name",job,sal as "Salary",hiredate
? 2? from emp
? 3? where hiredate between '01-1月-81' and '31-12月-81'
? 4? order by hiredate desc;
select ename "Name",job,sal as "Salary",hiredate
from emp
where hiredate between '01-1月-81' and '31-12月-81'
order by hiredate desc
ORA-01843: 無效的月份
SQL> select ename "Name",job,sal as "Salary",hiredate
? 2? from em
? 3? where hiredate between to_date('01-jan-81',dd-mm-yy) and to_date('31-dec-81','dd-mm-yy')
? 4? order by hiredate;
select ename "Name",job,sal as "Salary",hiredate
from em
where hiredate between to_date('01-jan-81',dd-mm-yy) and to_date('31-dec-81','dd-mm-yy')
order by hiredate
ORA-00942: 表或視圖不存在
SQL> select ename "Name",job,sal as "Salary",hiredate
? 2? from emp
? 3? where hiredate between to_date('01-jan-81',dd-mm-yy) and to_date('31-dec-81','dd-mm-yy')
? 4? order by hiredate;
select ename "Name",job,sal as "Salary",hiredate
from emp
where hiredate between to_date('01-jan-81',dd-mm-yy) and to_date('31-dec-81','dd-mm-yy')
order by hiredate
ORA-00904: "YY": 標識符無效
SQL> select ename "Name",job,sal as "Salary",hiredate
? 2? from emp
? 3? where hiredate between to_date('01-jan-81',dd-mm-yy') and to_date('31-dec-81','dd-mm-yy')
? 4? order by hiredate;
? 5 ?
? 6? where hiredate between to_date('01-jan-81',dd-mm-yy') and to_date('31-dec-81','dd-mm-yy')
? 7 ?
SQL>
SQL> select ename "Name",job,sal as "Salary",hiredate
? 2? from emp
? 3? where hiredate between to_date('01-jan-81',dd-mm-yy') and to_date('31-dec-81','dd-mm-yy')
? 4? order by hiredatel
? 5? ;
? 6? ;
? 7 ?
? 8 ?
? 9 ?
?10 ?
?11 ?
?12 ?
?13 ?
?14? fda
?15 ?
?16? fda
?17 ?
?18 ?
?19 ?
?20 ?
?21? fa
?22? ;
?23? ;;
?24 ?
?25 ?
?26 ?
?27? select ename "Name",job,sal as "Salary",hiredate
?28? from emp
?29? where hiredate between to_date('01-jan-81',dd-mm-yy') and to_date('31-dec-81','dd-mm-yy')
?30? order by hiredate;
select ename "Name",job,sal as "Salary",hiredate
from emp
where hiredate between to_date('01-jan-81',dd-mm-yy') and to_date('31-dec-81','dd-mm-yy')
order by hiredatel
;
;
fda
fda
fa
;
;;
select ename "Name",job,sal as "Salary",hiredate
from emp
where hiredate between to_date('01-jan-81',dd-mm-yy') and to_date('31-dec-81','dd-mm-yy')
order by hiredate
ORA-00907: 缺失右括號
SQL> select ename "Name",job,sal as "Salary",hiredate
? 2? from emp
? 3? where hiredate between to_date('01-jan-81','dd-mm-yy') and to_date('31-dec-81','dd-mm-yy')
? 4? order by hiredate;
Name?????? JOB????????? Salary HIREDATE
---------- --------- --------- -----------
SQL> select todate('01-jan-81','dd-mm-yy')
? 2? from dual;
select todate('01-jan-81','dd-mm-yy')
from dual
ORA-00904: "TODATE": 標識符無效
SQL> select to_date('01-jan-81','dd-mm-yy')
? 2? from dual;
TO_DATE('01-JAN-81','DD-MM-YY'
------------------------------
2081-1-1
SQL> select ename "Name",job,sal as "Salary",hiredate
? 2? from dual;
select ename "Name",job,sal as "Salary",hiredate
from dual
ORA-00904: "HIREDATE": 標識符無效
SQL> select ename "Name",job,sal as "Salary",hiredate
? 2? from emp
? 3? where hiredate between to_date('01-jan-81','dd-mon-yy') and to_date('31-dec-81','dd-mon-yy')
? 4? order by hiredate;
Name?????? JOB????????? Salary HIREDATE
---------- --------- --------- -----------
SQL> select hiredate from emp;
HIREDATE
-----------
1980-12-17
1981-2-20
1981-2-22
1981-4-2
1981-9-28
1981-5-1
1981-6-9
1981-11-17
1981-9-8
1981-12-3
1981-12-3
1982-1-23
12 rows selected
SQL> select ename "Name",job,sal as "Salary",hiredate
? 2? from emp
? 3? where hiredate between to_date('01-jan-81') and to_date('31-dec-81')
? 4? order by hiredate;
Name?????? JOB????????? Salary HIREDATE
---------- --------- --------- -----------
ALLEN????? SALESMAN??? 1600.00 1981-2-20
WARD?????? SALESMAN??? 1250.00 1981-2-22
JONES????? MANAGER???? 2975.00 1981-4-2
BLAKE????? MANAGER???? 2850.00 1981-5-1
CLARK????? MANAGER???? 2450.00 1981-6-9
TURNER???? SALESMAN??? 1500.00 1981-9-8
MARTIN???? SALESMAN??? 1250.00 1981-9-28
KING?????? PRESIDENT?? 5000.00 1981-11-17
FORD?????? ANALYST???? 3000.00 1981-12-3
JAMES????? CLERK??????? 950.00 1981-12-3
10 rows selected
SQL> select ename "Name",job,sal as "Salary",hiredate
? 2? from emp
? 3? where hiredate between to_date('01-jan-81','dd-mon-rr') and to_date('31-dec-81','dd-mon-rr')
? 4? order by hiredate;
Name?????? JOB????????? Salary HIREDATE
---------- --------- --------- -----------
ALLEN????? SALESMAN??? 1600.00 1981-2-20
WARD?????? SALESMAN??? 1250.00 1981-2-22
JONES????? MANAGER???? 2975.00 1981-4-2
BLAKE????? MANAGER???? 2850.00 1981-5-1
CLARK????? MANAGER???? 2450.00 1981-6-9
TURNER???? SALESMAN??? 1500.00 1981-9-8
MARTIN???? SALESMAN??? 1250.00 1981-9-28
KING?????? PRESIDENT?? 5000.00 1981-11-17
FORD?????? ANALYST???? 3000.00 1981-12-3
JAMES????? CLERK??????? 950.00 1981-12-3
10 rows selected
SQL>
轉載于:https://www.cnblogs.com/baoguo/articles/1553225.html
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