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linux shell if

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linux_if 參數

shell 編程中使用到得if語句內判斷參數

  –b 當file存在并且是塊文件時返回真

  -c 當file存在并且是字符文件時返回真

  -d 當pathname存在并且是一個目錄時返回真

  -e 當pathname指定的文件或目錄存在時返回真

  -f 當file存在并且是正規文件時返回真

  -g 當由pathname指定的文件或目錄存在并且設置了SGID位時返回為真

  -h 當file存在并且是符號鏈接文件時返回真,該選項在一些老系統上無效

  -k 當由pathname指定的文件或目錄存在并且設置了“粘滯”位時返回真

  -p 當file存在并且是命令管道時返回為真

  -r 當由pathname指定的文件或目錄存在并且可讀時返回為真

  -s 當file存在文件大小大于0時返回真

  -u 當由pathname指定的文件或目錄存在并且設置了SUID位時返回真

  -w 當由pathname指定的文件或目錄存在并且可執行時返回真。一個目錄為了它的內容被訪問必然是可執行的。

  -o 當由pathname指定的文件或目錄存在并且被子當前進程的有效用戶ID所指定的用戶擁有時返回真。

  UNIX Shell 里面比較字符寫法:

  -eq?? 等于

  -ne??? 不等于

  -gt??? 大于

  -lt??? 小于

  -le??? 小于等于

  -ge?? 大于等于

  -z??? 空串

  =??? 兩個字符相等

  !=??? 兩個字符不等

  -n??? 非空串

  -------------------------------------------------------------------------

  更為詳細的說明:

  運算符???????????????????? 描述????????????????????????? 示例

  文件比較運算符

  -e filename???? 如果 filename 存在,則為真??????????? [ -e /var/log/syslog ]

  -d filename???? 如果 filename 為目錄,則為真????????? [ -d /tmp/mydir ]

  -f filename???? 如果 filename 為常規文件,則為真????? [ -f /usr/bin/grep ]

  -L filename???? 如果 filename 為符號鏈接,則為真????? [ -L /usr/bin/grep ]

  -r filename???? 如果 filename 可讀,則為真??????????? [ -r /var/log/syslog ]

  -w filename???? 如果 filename 可寫,則為真??????????? [ -w /var/mytmp.txt ]

  -x filename???? 如果 filename 可執行,則為真????????? [ -L /usr/bin/grep ]

  filename1 -nt filename2 如果 filename1 比 filename2 新,則為真 [ /tmp/install/etc/services -nt /etc/services ]

  filename1 -ot filename2?? 如果 filename1 比 filename2 舊,則為真? [ /boot/bzImage -ot arch/i386/boot/bzImage ]

  字符串比較運算符 (請注意引號的使用,這是防止空格擾亂代碼的好方法)

-z string?????????????? 如果 string 長度為零,則為真?????????????? [ -z $myvar ]

  -n string????????????????????? 如果 string 長度非零,則為真??????? [ -n $myvar ]

  string1 = string2???????? 如果 string1 與 string2 相同,則為真???? [ $myvar = one two three ]

  string1 != string2??????? 如果 string1 與 string2 不同,則為真???? [ $myvar != one two three ]

  算術比較運算符

  num1 -eq num2????????????? 等于???????? [ 3 -eq $mynum ]

  num1 -ne num2????????????? 不等于?????? [ 3 -ne $mynum ]

  num1 -lt num2?????????????? 小于??????? [ 3 -lt $mynum ]

  num1 -le num2??????????? 小于或等于???? [ 3 -le $mynum ]

  num1 -gt num2???????????? 大于????????? [ 3 -gt $mynum ]

  num1 -ge num2???????????? 大于或等于??? [ 3 -ge $mynum ]

?

linux_if 格式

?

if 語句格式

if??條件
then
?Command
else
?Command
fi??????????????????????????????別忘了這個結尾
If語句忘了結尾fi
test.sh: line 14: syntax error:?unexpected end of fi



????if 的三種條件表達式

if
command
then

if
?函數
then
?命令執行成功,等于返回0 (比如grep ,找到匹配)
執行失敗,返回非0 (grep,沒找到匹配)
if [ expression_r_r_r??]
then?
?表達式結果為真,則返回0,if把0值引向then
if test expression_r_r_r
then
?表達式結果為假,則返回非0,if把非0值引向then


??????
???[ ] &&??——快捷if

[ -f "/etc/shadow" ] && echo "This computer uses shadow passwors"
???&& 可以理解為then
????如果左邊的表達式為真則執行右邊的語句

?

????shell的if與c語言if的功能上的區別

?shell if????c語言if
0為真,走then?正好相反,非0走then
?不支持整數變量直接if
必須:if [ i –ne 0 ]

但支持字符串變量直接if
if [ str ] 如果字符串非0
?支持變量直接if
if (i )


?
=================================以command作為if 條件===================================
??
????以多條command或者函數作為if 條件

echo –n “input:”
read user

if
多條指令,這些命令之間相當于“and”(與)
grep $user /etc/passwd >/tmp/null??????
who -u | grep $user
then?????????????上邊的指令執行成功,返回值$?為0,0為真,運行then
?echo "$user has logged"
else?????指令執行失敗,$?為1,運行else ???????????????????????????
?echo "$user has not logged"
fi???
# sh test.sh
input : macg
macg?????pts/0????????May 15 15:55???.??????????2075 (192.168.1.100)
macg has logged
???
# sh test.sh
input : ddd
ddd has not logged??



????以函數作為if條件??(函數就相當于command,函數的優點是其return值可以自定義)

if
以函數作為if條件,
getyn
then???函數reture值0為真,走then
echo " your answer is yes"
else??函數return值非0為假,走else
echo "your anser is no"
fi??



???if command??等價于 command+if $?

$ vi testsh.sh
#!/bin/sh

if
cat 111-tmp.txt | grep ting1
then
echo found
else
echo "no found"
fi
?$ vi testsh.sh
#!/bin/sh

cat 111-tmp.txt | grep ting1

if [ $? -eq 0 ]
then
echo $?
echo found
else
echo $?
echo "no found"
fi
$ sh testsh.sh
no found??
$ sh testsh.sh
1
no found
$ vi 111-tmp.txt
that is 222file
thisting1 is 111file

$ sh testsh.sh
thisting1 is 111file
found
$ vi 111-tmp.txt
that is 222file
thisting1 is 111file

$ sh testsh.sh
thisting1 is 111file
0
found


???
========================================以條件表達式作為 if條件=============================

????傳統if 從句子——以條件表達式作為 if條件
if [ 條件表達式 ]
then
?command
?command
?command
else
?command
?command
fi
???
???條件表達式

  • 文件表達式

if [ -f??file ]????如果文件存在
if [ -d ...???]????如果目錄存在
if [ -s file??]????如果文件存在且非空?
if [ -r file??]????如果文件存在且可讀
if [ -w file??] ???如果文件存在且可寫
if [ -x file??] ???如果文件存在且可執行 ??

  • 整數變量表達式

if [ int1 -eq int2 ]????如果int1等于int2???
if [ int1 -ne int2 ]????如果不等于 ???
if [ int1 -ge int2 ]???????如果>=
if [ int1 -gt int2 ]???????如果>
if [ int1 -le int2 ]???????如果<=
if [ int1 -lt int2 ]???????如果<
???

  • ???字符串變量表達式

If??[ $a = $b ]?????????????????如果string1等于string2
????????????????????????????????字符串允許使用賦值號做等號
if??[ $string1 !=??$string2 ]???如果string1不等于string2???????
if??[ -n $string??]?????????????如果string 非空(非0),返回0(true)??
if??[ -z $string??]?????????????如果string 為空
if??[ $sting ]??????????????????如果string 非空,返回0 (和-n類似) ???


????條件表達式引用變量要帶$

if [ a = b ] ;then????
echo equal
else
echo no equal
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
5
input b:
5
no equal??(等于表達式沒比較$a和$b,而是比較和a和b,自然a!=b)

改正:

if [ $a = $b ] ;then???????
echo equal
else
echo no equal
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
5
input b:
5
equal


???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
??-eq??-ne??-lt??-nt只能用于整數,不適用于字符串,字符串等于用賦值號=

[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh
echo -n "input your choice:"
read var
if??[ $var -eq "yes" ]
then
echo $var
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh -x test.sh
input your choice:
y
test.sh: line 3: test: y: integer expression_r_r_r expected
???????????????????????期望整數形式,即-eq不支持字符串




????=放在別的地方是賦值,放在if [ ] 里就是字符串等于,shell里面沒有==的,那是c語言的等于


???無空格的字符串,可以加" ",也可以不加

[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh
echo "input a:"
read a
echo "input is $a"
if [ $a = 123 ] ; then
echo equal123
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
123
input is 123
equal123?



????= 作為等于時,其兩邊都必須加空格,否則失效
等號也是操作符,必須和其他變量,關鍵字,用空格格開 (等號做賦值號時正好相反,兩邊不能有空格)

[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh

echo "input your choice:"
read var
if [?$var="yes"?]
then
echo $var
echo "input is correct"
else
echo $var
echo "input error"
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh

echo "input your choice:"
read var
if [?$var = "yes"?]???在等號兩邊加空格
then
echo $var
echo "input is correct"
else
echo $var
echo "input error"
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
y
y
input is correct
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
n????
n
input is correct?
輸錯了也走then,都走then,為什么?
因為if把$var="yes"連讀成一個變量,而此變量為空,返回1,則走else
?[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
y
y
input error
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
no???????????????????????
no
input error
一切正常



????If??[??$ANS??]?????等價于??if [ -n $ANS ]
??????如果字符串變量非空(then) , 空(else)

echo "input your choice:"
read ANS

if [ $ANS ]
then
echo no empty
else
echo empth
fi?
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:???????????????????????回車
????????????????????????????????????????????????
empth????????????????????????????????????說明“回車”就是空串
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
34
no empty?


?
????整數條件表達式,大于,小于,shell里沒有> 和< ,會被當作尖括號,只有-ge,-gt,-le,lt

[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh

echo "input a:"
read a
if??[ $a -ge 100 ] ; then
echo 3bit
else
echo 2bit
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
123
3bit
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
20
2bit



?整數操作符號-ge,-gt,-le,-lt, 別忘了加-

if??test $a??ge?100 ; then

[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
test.sh: line 4: test: ge: binary operator expected
if??test $a -ge 100 ; then

[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
123
3bit



============================邏輯表達式=========================================

????邏輯非 !???????????????????條件表達式的相反
if [ ! 表達式 ]
if [ ! -d $num ]????????????????????????如果不存在目錄$num


????邏輯與 –a????????????????????條件表達式的并列
if [ 表達式1??–a??表達式2 ]


????邏輯或 -o????????????????????條件表達式的或
if [ 表達式1??–o 表達式2 ]

???
???邏輯表達式

  • ????表達式與前面的=??!= -d –f –x -ne -eq -lt等合用

?

  • ????邏輯符號就正常的接其他表達式,沒有任何括號( ),就是并列

if [ -z "$JHHOME" -a -d $HOME/$num ]

  • ????注意邏輯與-a與邏輯或-o很容易和其他字符串或文件的運算符號搞混了



??最常見的賦值形式,賦值前對=兩邊的變量都進行評測
左邊測變量是否為空,右邊測目錄(值)是否存在(值是否有效)

?
[macg@mac-home ~]$ vi test.sh
:
echo "input the num:"
read num
echo "input is $num"

if [ -z "$JHHOME" -a -d $HOME/$num ]???如果變量$JHHOME為空,且$HOME/$num目錄存在
then
JHHOME=$HOME/$num??????????????????????則賦值
fi

echo "JHHOME is $JHHOME"??
-----------------------
[macg@mac-home ~]$ sh test.sh
input the num:
ppp
input is ppp
JHHOME is

目錄-d $HOME/$num???不存在,所以$JHHOME沒被then賦值
[macg@mac-home ~]$ mkdir ppp
[macg@mac-home ~]$ sh test.sh
input the num:
ppp
input is ppp
JHHOME is /home/macg/ppp



????一個-o的例子,其中卻揭示了”=”必須兩邊留空格的問題

echo "input your choice:"
read ANS

if [?$ANS="Yes"?-o $ANS="yes" -o $ANS="y" -o $ANS="Y" ]
then
ANS="y"
else
ANS="n"
fi

echo $ANS
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
n
y
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
no
y
為什么輸入不是yes,結果仍是y(走then)
因為=被連讀了,成了變量$ANS="Yes",而變量又為空,所以走else了


[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh

echo "input your choice:"
read ANS????echo "input your choice:"
read ANS

if [?$ANS = "Yes"?-o $ANS = "yes" -o $ANS = "y" -o $ANS = "Y" ]
then
ANS="y"
else
ANS="n"
fi

echo $ANS
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
no
n
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
yes
y
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
y
y



===================以??test 條件表達式 作為if條件===================================

????if test $num -eq 0??????等價于???if [ $num –eq 0 ]

????test??表達式,沒有 [??]
if test $num -eq 0????????????????
then
echo "try again"
else
echo "good"
fi

????man test

[macg@machome ~]$ man test
[(1)?????????????????????????????User Commands????????????????????????????[(1)

SYNOPSIS
???????test EXPRESSION
???????[ EXPRESSION ]


???????[-n] STRING
??????????????the length of STRING is nonzero??????????-n和直接$str都是非0條件

???????-z STRING
??????????????the length of STRING is zero

???????STRING1 = STRING2
??????????????the strings are equal

???????STRING1 != STRING2
??????????????the strings are not equal

???????INTEGER1 -eq INTEGER2
??????????????INTEGER1 is equal to INTEGER2

???????INTEGER1 -ge INTEGER2
??????????????INTEGER1 is greater than or equal to INTEGER2

???????INTEGER1 -gt INTEGER2
??????????????INTEGER1 is greater than INTEGER2

???????INTEGER1 -le INTEGER2
??????????????INTEGER1 is less than or equal to INTEGER2

???????INTEGER1 -lt INTEGER2
??????????????INTEGER1 is less than INTEGER2

???????INTEGER1 -ne INTEGER2
??????????????INTEGER1 is not equal to INTEGER2

???????FILE1 -nt FILE2
??????????????FILE1 is newer (modification date) than FILE2

???????FILE1 -ot FILE2
??????????????FILE1 is older than FILE2

???????-b FILE
??????????????FILE exists and is block special

???????-c FILE
??????????????FILE exists and is character special

???????-d FILE
??????????????FILE exists and is a directory

???????-e FILE
??????????????FILE exists?????????????????????????????????文件存在

???????-f FILE
??????????????FILE exists and is a regular file?????文件存在且是普通文件

???????-h FILE
??????????????FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -L)

???????-L FILE
??????????????FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -h)

???????-G FILE
??????????????FILE exists and is owned by the effective group ID

???????-O FILE
??????????????FILE exists and is owned by the effective user ID

???????-p FILE
??????????????FILE exists and is a named pipe


???????-s FILE
??????????????FILE exists and has a size greater than zero

???????-S FILE
??????????????FILE exists and is a socket

???????-w FILE
??????????????FILE exists and is writable

???????-x FILE
FILE exists and is executable
?



======================if簡化語句=================================

????最常用的簡化if語句

???&& 如果是“前面”,則“后面”
[ -f /var/run/dhcpd.pid ] && rm /var/run/dhcpd.pid????檢查 文件是否存在,如果存在就刪掉
???||???如果不是“前面”,則后面
[ -f /usr/sbin/dhcpd ] || exit 0????檢驗文件是否存在,如果存在就退出

?
????用簡化 if 和$1,$2,$3來檢測參數,不合理就調用help
[ -z "$1" ] && help?????????????????如果第一個參數不存在(-z??字符串長度為0 )
[ "$1" = "-h" ] && help????????????????????????如果第一個參數是-h,就顯示help


例子
#!/bin/sh

[ -f "/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0" ] && rm -f /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
cp ifcfg-eth0.bridge /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0

[ -f "/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1" ] && rm -f /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1
cp ifcfg-eth1.bridge /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1

[ -f "/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0:1" ] && rm -f /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0:1

轉載于:https://www.cnblogs.com/Sir-Li/p/4080811.html

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