9.30組會匯報

MG-Y激光器的基本構成

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可調諧激光器是一種發射光波長可以進行調諧的半導體激光器，包括分布式反饋激光器(DFB)，分布式布拉格反射(DBR)激光器和可調諧垂直腔表面發射激光器（VCSEL）。MG-Y激光器是分布式布拉格反射(DBR)激光器的一種。其基本結構包括左、右光柵反射區，多模干涉耦合器(MMI)，相位區，增益區，SOA。SOA 負責放大激光器的發射光。增益區負責產生發射光。相位區負責進行腔模和反射峰值之間的校準，以實現發射光頻率的精細調節。MMI 負責將發射光分別導入兩個對等的反射光柵。光柵區負責保證反射光束同相疊加，以實現發射光頻率的選擇。
MG-Y 激光器提供五個電極，分別連到 SOA、增益區、相位區、左反射光柵和右反射光柵。MMI 是無源器件，不需要電流驅動就能正常工作。通過調節 SOA 電流，可以調整發射光功率而不影響頻率。此外，將反向偏置電壓加于 SOA 會阻塞關斷激光器所有發射光。通過向增益區注入電流產生光波；通過調節相位電流，實現對頻率的精細調節；通過調節光柵電流，實現對頻率的粗調節。

MG-Y激光器輸出頻率控制

發射光通過一個雙光束分離器分成兩路。第一路經過一個校準器傳輸到校準 PD，另一路傳輸到參考 PD。光照射到 PD 上后，產生隨光波長變化的響應電流。電流經過一個轉阻放大器后被轉化為電壓。系統通過一個模數轉換器對電壓進行測量。比較參考電流和校準電流計算獲得一個比率值。通過比較比率值和目標比率值得到一個調整值 iTune。使用 iTune 可以在調整表中獲得一組關于右光柵、左光柵和相位的設定值。由該設定值可以獲取對應的設定電流，然后分別調整注入右光柵、左光柵和相位的電流。電流的變化會影響發射光的頻率，進而影響校準電流和參考電流的大小。

MG-Y激光器輸出功率控制

發射光通過一個雙光束分離器分成兩路。其中一路傳輸到參考 PD。發射光照射到 PD 上后，產生隨光強度變化的響應電流。電流經過一個轉阻放大器后被轉化為電壓。系統通過一個模數轉換器對該電壓進行測量。對當前功率和目標功率進行PI調節，調整 SOA電流。循環執行以上過程，就可以使激光器發射光的功率穩定在目標功率附近

MG-Y激光器的溫度控制

激光器工作產生大量的熱能，會影響發射光的特性，因此需要系統提供溫度控制的能力。 通過控制半導體制冷器可以降低并穩定系統穩定。

MG-Y激光器所需控制的變量

控制量

被控制量

PID控制算法

PID（比例（proportion）、積分（integral）、微分（derivative））控制又叫比例-積分-微分控制，是工程實際中應用最為廣泛的調節器控制規律。

PID原理

PID控制的公式如下

其中Kp為比例系數，Ti為積分時間常量，Td為微分時間常量，e（t）為偏差函數。PID參數對控制性能的影響
1.隨著比例系數Kp的增加，超調量增大，系統響應速度加快。
2. 積分控制的主要作用是改善系統的穩態性能，消除系統的穩態誤差。當系統存在控制誤差時，積分控制就進行，直至無差，積分調節停止。
3. 隨著微分時間常數Td的增加，閉環系統響應的響應速度加快，調節時間減小，但是過大的Td值會因為系統造成或者受控對象的大時間延遲而出現問題。微分環節對于信號無變化或變化緩慢的系統不起作用。

PID算法軟件實現

PID的離散化公式

typedef struct PID {float SetPoint; // 設定目標Desired valuefloat Proportion; // 比例常數Proportional Constfloat Integral; // 積分常數Integral Constfloat Derivative; // 微分常數Derivative Constfloat LastError; // Error[-1] float PrevError; // Error[-2]float SumError; // Sums of Errors } PID; float PIDCalc( PID *pp, float NextPoint ) {float dError,Error;Error = pp->SetPoint - NextPoint; // 偏差pp->SumError += Error; // 積分dError = pp->LastError - pp->PrevError; // 當前微分pp->PrevError = pp->LastError;pp->LastError = Error;if(pp->SumError>1500) pp->SumError=1500;else if(pp->SumError<-1500) pp->SumError=-1500;return (pp->Proportion * Error // 比例項+ pp->Integral * pp->SumError // 積分項+ pp->Derivative * dError // 微分項); }

光纖琺珀傳感器解調

光纖 F-P 傳感器按其結構和功能主要可以分為“本征型（Intrinsic）”和“非本征型（Extrinsic）”兩類。

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.edge-pattern-dashed{stroke-dasharray:3}#mermaid-svg-CVC48Q1Zoo749Swq .edge-pattern-dotted{stroke-dasharray:2}#mermaid-svg-CVC48Q1Zoo749Swq .marker{fill:#333}#mermaid-svg-CVC48Q1Zoo749Swq .marker.cross{stroke:#333}:root { --mermaid-font-family: "trebuchet ms", verdana, arial;}#mermaid-svg-CVC48Q1Zoo749Swq {color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75);font: ;}光纖 F-P 傳感器本征型 F-P 傳感器（IFPI）非本征型 F-P 傳感器（EFPI）用光纖來感知外界因素的變化光纖僅傳輸光信號，由傳感器中的其他單元作為傳感部件

光纖法珀傳感器主要分為強度解調和相位解調兩類。強度解調法一般采用單色激光光源，利用線性區內干涉光強的變化來進行解調，這種解調方法響應速度非常快，適用于動態信號（如聲信號、振動信號等）的測量；相位解調法一般采用寬帶光源或者掃頻光源，通過所得光譜來求解相位的變化得到 F-P 腔腔長的變化，這種解調方法，解調精度高，響應速度沒有強度解調法快，適用于準靜態信號（壓力、溫度等）的測量。

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.edge-pattern-dashed{stroke-dasharray:3}#mermaid-svg-S9nGvjWCyC936wMX .edge-pattern-dotted{stroke-dasharray:2}#mermaid-svg-S9nGvjWCyC936wMX .marker{fill:#333}#mermaid-svg-S9nGvjWCyC936wMX .marker.cross{stroke:#333}:root { --mermaid-font-family: "trebuchet ms", verdana, arial;}#mermaid-svg-S9nGvjWCyC936wMX {color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75);font: ;}光纖F-P傳感器解調強度解調相位解調一般采用單色激光光源，利用線性區內干涉光強的變化來進行解調一般采用寬帶光源或者掃頻光源，通過所得光譜來求解相位的變化得到 F-P 腔腔長的變化響應速度非常快，適用于動態信號（如聲信號、振動信號等）的測量解調精度高，適用于準靜態信號（壓力、溫度等）的測量

F-P強度解調

單波長強度解調法

單色激光器的出射光經光纖環行器到達光纖法珀傳感器，在光纖法珀傳感器內進行干涉，傳感器的反射光強信號可表示為

F-P 腔腔長可直接通過光電探測器所檢測到的光強求得，在此基礎上通過標定算法可以求得外界變化物理量的實際值。 強度解調法原理簡單、而且成本較低，但是在實際應用中輸出光強與系統中的光纖、耦合器、光敏管等諸多因素有關。此外，外界環境的變化也會導致光源輸出光強和波長的波動，這些都會影響強度解調法的結果。

雙波長強度解調法
光纖法珀傳感器的雙波長解調系統的光源一
般采用兩個不同波長的單色光源，其波長分別為λ1和λ2，通過合理的設計兩路單色光源的波長，波長λ1 和λ2 波長近似，使得雙波長光源通過光纖法珀傳感器后的相位正交，光強值可表示為

F-P相位解調

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.edge-pattern-dashed{stroke-dasharray:3}#mermaid-svg-p9URekGMxLFv7lsi .edge-pattern-dotted{stroke-dasharray:2}#mermaid-svg-p9URekGMxLFv7lsi .marker{fill:#333}#mermaid-svg-p9URekGMxLFv7lsi .marker.cross{stroke:#333}:root { --mermaid-font-family: "trebuchet ms", verdana, arial;}#mermaid-svg-p9URekGMxLFv7lsi {color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75);font: ;}光譜法的解調單峰法雙峰法多峰法低相干相關解調解調精度依賴于干涉光譜的峰值位置提取精度掃描相關解調技術非掃描相關解調技術

多峰法

多峰法是光纖 F-P 傳感器中最常用的一種計算腔長的方法。光纖 F-P 傳感器干涉光譜中干涉級次相差為 q 的兩譜峰的相位差為 qπ。如果干涉級次分別為 m 和 m+q 的兩個譜峰所對應的波長分別為 λm和 λm+q，F-P 傳感器的腔長為

這種解調方法簡單，容易實現，可以對 F-P 腔長進行絕對測量，同時）可以看出這種方法可以排除光源波動對腔長解調的影響。但是由于對干涉光譜所進行的是離散采樣，這使得峰值尋找過程中存在誤差，同時實際應用中光源的高斯分布也會使得干涉光譜的峰值產生偏移，這些因素都會導致最終測量的誤差。

傅里葉變換法

總結

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