Oracle 密码文件
為什么80%的碼農都做不了架構師？>>> ??
--==============================
-- Oracle 密碼文件
--==============================
/*
一、密碼文件
??? 作用：主要進行DBA權限的身份認證
??? DBA用戶：具有sysdba，sysoper權限的用戶被稱為dba用戶。默認情況下sysdba角色中存在sys用戶，sysoper角色中存在system用戶
???
二、Oracle的兩種認證方式；
??? 1.使用與操作系統集成的身份驗證
??? 2.使用Oracle數據庫的密碼文件進行身份認證
?
三、密碼文件的位置
??? Linux下的存放位置：$ORACLE_HOME/dbs/orapw$ORACLE_SID
????????????????? 即：ORACLE_HOME/dbs/orapw<sid>
??? Windows下的存放位置:$ORACLE_HOME/database/PW%ORACLE_SID%.ora
?
??? 密碼文件查找的順序
??? --->orapw<sid>--->orapw--->Failure
?
??? 兩種認證方式：類型與SQL server中的windows認證和SQL server認證
??? 決定在兩個參數中
??? 1.remote_login_passwordfile = none | exclusive |shared? 位于$ORACLE_HOME/dbs/spfile$ORACLE_SID.ora參數文件中
??? ?? none : 不使用密碼文件認證
??? ?? exclusive :要密碼文件認證，自己獨占使用(默認值)
??? ?? shared ：要密碼文件認證，不同實例dba用戶可以共享密碼文件
??? ??
??? 2. $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/sqlnet.ora?
??? ?? SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES = none | all | ntf(windows)
??? ?? none : 表示關閉操作系統認證，只能密碼認證
??? ?? all : 用于linux或unix平臺，關閉本機密碼文件認證，采用操作系統認證，但遠程<異機>可以使用密碼文件認證
??? ?? nts : 用于windows平臺
??? ??
??? 不同的組合
??? ? 1?????????? 2
??? none????????? none????? sys用戶無論是本機還是遠程均不可用
??
??? 判斷當前使用的是操作系統認證還是密碼認證
???
四、演示：
??? 1.在sqlnet.ora 中追加SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES = none? */
??? [oracle@robinson ~]$ sqlplus / as sysdba /*登陸失敗*/
?
??? SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Fri Apr 9 10:41:28 2010
?
??? Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle.? All rights reserved.
?
??? ERROR:
??? ORA-01031: insufficient privileges
??? Enter user-name:
??? --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
??? [oracle@robinson ~]$ sqlplus sys/redhat as sysdba /*使用密碼文件認證，登陸成功*/
?
??? SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Fri Apr 9 10:42:35 2010
?
??? Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle.? All rights reserved.
?
?
??? Connected to:
??? Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production
??? With the Partitioning, OLAP and Data Mining options
?
??? SQL>
??? --=================================================================================
???
??? 2.將SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES的值改為all
?
??? [oracle@robinson admin]$ sqlplus / as sysdba /*采用本機認證可以登陸*/
?
??? SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Fri Apr 9 10:46:55 2010
?
??? Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle.? All rights reserved.
?
?
??? Connected to:
??? Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production
??? With the Partitioning, OLAP and Data Mining options
?
??? SQL>
??? --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
??? [oracle@robinson admin]$ sqlplus sys/redhat@orcl as sysdba /*使用密碼文件登陸認證失敗*/
?
??? SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Fri Apr 9 10:48:35 2010
?
??? Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle.? All rights reserved.
?
??? ERROR:
??? ORA-12641: Authentication service failed to initialize
?
??? Enter user-name:
?
??? --注：此時可以使用遠程登陸。?
?
??? --使用#符號將新增的SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES行注釋掉恢復到缺省值
?
??? /*
五、密碼文件的建立：orapwd? */
??? [oracle@robinson ~]$ orapwd
??? Usage: orapwd file=<fname> password=<password> entries=<users> force=<y/n>
?
??? ? where
?????? file - name of password file (mand),? /*密碼文件的名字orapw<sid>*/
?????? password - password for SYS (mand),?? /*sys用戶的密碼*/
?????? entries - maximum number of distinct DBA and? /*可以有多少個sysdba,sysoper權限用戶放到密碼文件中去，去掉重復記錄*/
????????????????????????????????????????????? ? /*注意entries中存放的個數但不是實際個數，這個是二進制數據*/??
?????? force - whether to overwrite existing file (opt), /*10g新增的參數，默認值為n ,y表示允許覆蓋*/
??? OPERs (opt),
??? ? There are no spaces around the equal-to (=) character.
??? ?
??? --修改密碼：
??? [oracle@robinson ~]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs
??? [oracle@robinson dbs]$ ll orapworcl
??? -rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 1536 Apr? 7 15:50 orapworcl
??? [oracle@robinson dbs]$ orapwd file=orapworcl password=oracle force=y
??? [oracle@robinson dbs]$ sqlplus sys/oracle@orcl as sysdba
?
??? SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Fri Apr 9 11:34:09 2010
?
??? Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle.? All rights reserved.
?
?
??? Connected to:
??? Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production
??? With the Partitioning, OLAP and Data Mining options
?
??? SQL>??
??? --將密碼改回原來的密碼
??? [oracle@robinson dbs]$ orapwd file=orapworcl password=redhat
?
??? OPW-00005: File with same name exists - please delete or rename
??? [oracle@robinson dbs]$ orapwd file=orapworcl password=redhat force=y
??? [oracle@robinson dbs]$ rm orapworcl? /*刪除密碼文件*/
??? [oracle@robinson dbs]$ orapwd file=orapworcl password=redhat /*重建密碼文件*/
?
??? --演示將entries 改為，然后將多個用戶設置為sysdba或sysoper
??? [oracle@robinson dbs]$ orapwd file=orapworcl password=redhat entries=1
??? [oracle@robinson dbs]$ strings orapworcl
??? ]/[Z
??? ORACLE Remote Password file
??? INTERNAL
??? F7AC0C5E9C3C37AB
??? E100B964899CDDDF
?
??? --創建PL/SQL 增加個新用戶
??? SQL> begin
??? ? 2? for i in 1..20 loop
??? ? 3? execute immediate 'create user u'||i||' identified by u'||i||'';
??? ? 4? end loop;
??? ? 5? end;
??? ? 6? /
??? --將新用戶賦予sysdba角色
??? PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
?
??? SQL> begin
??? ? 2? for i in 1..20 loop
??? ? 3? execute immediate 'grant sysdba to u'||i||'';
??? ? 4? end loop;
??? ? 5? end;
??? ? 6? /
??? begin? /*得到和密碼文件相關的錯誤提示*/
??? *
??? ERROR at line 1:
??? ORA-01996: GRANT failed: password file '' is full
??? ORA-06512: at line 3
?
??? --再次查看orapworcl發現多出了行，即當設置為的時候多出了個用戶。原因是該密碼文件是二進制文件，按矩陣計算可存放多少
??? [oracle@robinson dbs]$ strings orapworcl
??? ]/[Z
??? ORACLE Remote Password file
??? INTERNAL
??? F7AC0C5E9C3C37AB
??? E100B964899CDDDF
??? 3E81B724A296E296
??? 668509DF9DD36B43
??? 9CE6AF1E3F609FFC
??? 7E19965085C9ED47
?
?
??? --注意不要輕易刪掉密碼文件，這樣會將其他賬戶的信息也刪除
?
??? /*
六、導致密碼文件內容修改的幾種方式：
??? 1.使用orapwd建立，修改密碼文件，不建議使用
??? 2.使用alter user sys identified by <>
??? 3.使用grant sysdba to <> 或grant sysoper to <> 或revoke sysdba |sysoper from <>
?
七、查看密碼文件內容 */
?
??? [oracle@robinson dbs]$ strings orapworcl
??? ]/[Z
??? ORACLE Remote Password file
??? INTERNAL
??? F7AC0C5E9C3C37AB
??? E100B964899CDDDF
?
??? --當sys密碼不記得可以使用OS系統身份認證登陸到sqlplus,再使用alter user修改密碼
??? SQL> alter user sys identified by oracle;
?
??? User altered
??? --再次查看密碼文件與上一次對比，已經發生變化
??? SQL> ho strings orapworcl
??? ]/[Z
??? ORACLE Remote Password file
??? INTERNAL
??? AB27B53EDC5FEF41
??? 8A8F025737A9097A
?
?
??? --通過授予權限來修改密碼，密碼文件中多出了scott的信息
??? SQL> grant sysdba to scott;
?
??? Grant succeeded.
?
??? SQL> ho strings orapworcl
??? ]/[Z
??? ORACLE Remote Password file
??? INTERNAL
??? AB27B53EDC5FEF41
??? 8A8F025737A9097A
??? SCOTT
??? F894844C34402B67
?
?
??? --注意此處中登陸后，顯示的賬戶信息還是sys,而不是scott,但此時的scott已經具備了sys權限
??? [oracle@robinson dbs]$ sqlplus scott/tiger@orcl as sysdba
?
??? SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Fri Apr 9 11:56:09 2010
?
??? Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle.? All rights reserved.
?
?
??? Connected to:
??? Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production
??? With the Partitioning, OLAP and Data Mining options
?
??? SQL> show user
??? USER is "SYS"
?
??? /*
八、sysdba 與sysoper的區別*/
??? SQL> select * from system_privilege_map where name like '%SYS%';
?
??? ?PRIVILEGE NAME?????????????????????????????????????? PROPERTY
??? ---------- ---------------------------------------- ----------
?????????? -3 ALTER SYSTEM?????????????????????????????????????
?????????? -4 AUDIT SYSTEM?????????????????????????????????????
?????? ?? -83 SYSDBA???????????????????????????????????????????
?????? ?? -84 SYSOPER??????????????????????????????????????????
?????? ??
??? --下面的鏈接是兩者不同的權限說明? ??
??? http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B19306_01/server.102/b14231/dba.htm#sthref137
??? The manner in which you are authorized to use these privileges depends upon the method of authentication that you use.
?
??? When you connect with SYSDBA or SYSOPER privileges, you connect with a default schema,
??? not with the schema that is generally associated with your username.
??? For SYSDBA this schema is SYS; for SYSOPER the schema is PUBLIC.
??? --兩者的schema不同
??? SQL> show user
??? USER is "SYS"
??? SQL> conn / as sysoper
??? Connected.
??? SQL> show user
??? USER is "PUBLIC"
?
??? --查看密碼文件視圖，可以得到哪些用戶為sysdba,哪些用戶為sysoper
??? SQL> select * from v$pwfile_users;
?
??? USERNAME?????????????????????? SYSDB SYSOP
??? ------------------------------ ----- -----
??? SYS??????????????????????????? TRUE? TRUE
??? SCOTT????????????????????????? TRUE? FALSE
??? USER1????????????????????????? FALSE TRUE
??? --下面演示了使用不同的角色來登陸
??? SQL> conn scott/tiger@orcl as sysdba
??? Connected.
??? SQL> conn scott/tiger@orcl as sysoper? /*scott的sysop列為false*/
??? ERROR:
??? ORA-01031: insufficient privileges
?
?
??? Warning: You are no longer connected to ORACLE.
??? SQL> conn user1/user1@orcl as sysdba
??? ERROR:
??? ORA-01031: insufficient privileges
?
?
??? SQL> conn user1/user1 as sysoper
??? Connected.
??? /*
九、更多 */
Oracle 數據庫實例啟動關閉過程
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Oracle 10g SGA 的自動化管理
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使用OEM,SQL*Plus,iSQL*Plus 管理Oracle實例
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Oracle實例和Oracle數據庫(Oracle體系結構)
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SQL 基礎-->常用函數
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SQL基礎-->過濾和排序
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SQL 基礎-->SELECT 查詢
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原文鏈接： http://blog.csdn.net/robinson_0612/article/details/5611672
轉載于:https://my.oschina.net/dtec/blog/47379
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